上清经所涉及的外丹丹法研究
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A Study of the External Alchemy of the Highest Clarity Scriptures
Abstract
So far, studies on the external Alchemy of the Highest Clarity Scriptures have been inadequate, and have not received due attention. This paper gives a detailed discussion of the characteristics of the external Alchemy of the Highest Clarity Scriptures described in the Taiwei lingshu ziwen langgan huadan shenzhen shangjing and Taishang bajing sirui zijiang wuzhu jiangsheng shendan fangjing. It examines these characteristics in regard to their historical development, furnaces, mud, fires, medicines, taboos, and efficacies etc. and points out that the characteristics of the external Alchemy of the Highest Clarity Scriptures are quite different from those described in Cantongqi (Three Ways Unified and Normalized). For example, words like Dragon, Tiger, lead and mercury, which are profusely used in Cantongqi, are not mentioned in the above two scriptures. In addition, the two scriptures contain no citation from Cantongqi, even though they were written at a later time. Compared to Cantonqi, they are less theoretical but more practical. Studies on the characteristics of the external Alchemy of the Highest Clarity Scriptures will reveal an important aspect of the ancient external Alchemy which is not covered in Cantongqi. Therefore, they carry great significance.
Key Words: Highest Clarity Sect The External Alchemy Taiwei lingshu ziwen langgan huadam shenzhen shangjing and Taishang bajing sirui zijiang wuzhu jiangsheng shendan fangjing
Dr. Chongfu Zhang, Associate professor of School of overseas education, Sichuan University
提 要: 本文分别从历史传承、丹炉、灶法、神泥、火法、用药、禁忌和效验等角度对上清经《太徽灵书紫文琅玕华丹神真上经》和《上清太上帝君九真中经》卷下的《太上八景四蘂紫浆五珠绛生神丹方经》中的外丹丹法进行了详细的探讨,认为在道教外丹研究中对上清派外丹的研究相当缺乏,还没有引起足够的重视。上清所涉及的外丹丹法与参同契一系的古外丹丹法迥然不同:既不用龙虎、真铅、真汞等名词,也不援引《参同契龙虎经》,具有理旨淡薄、可操作性强的特点。对上清经所涉及的外丹丹法的研究将进一步揭示参同契一系以外的古外丹丹法的真实面目,因而具有重要的学术意义。
主题词:上清经 外丹《太徽灵书紫文琅玕华丹神真上经》《太上八景四蘂紫浆五珠绛生神丹方经》
张崇富 四川大学海外教育学院副教授,宗教学博士。
外丹虽然不是上清派的主流修炼法术,但在上清的整个修炼史上却值得一书。首先,上清派的道士中不乏伟大的炼丹家,如:茅山宗的创始人陶弘景就是继魏伯阳、葛洪之后又一著名的炼丹家。史载,他从梁天监四年(505)至普通六年(525),进行了长达二十年的炼丹实践。为了炼好丹,他甚至一度改服易氏,隐身于深山旷野之中。后炼丹成功,于梁天监(502~519)中献丹于武帝。他撰写了《太清诸丹集要》、《合丹药诸法式节度》、《服饵方》、《服云母诸石药消化三十六水法》、《炼化杂术》、《集金丹黄白方》等炼丹著作。陶弘景的专著虽已失传,但历代本草学援引了不少他的论述。以李时珍《本草纲目》卷八至卷十一"金石类"为例,共载有关药物一百三十四条,引自陶氏《本草集注》卷二"玉石类"原文的五十七条,几近半数。李时珍《本草纲目》中所收的内容来看,陶弘景对金石的产地、形质、分类、用途及疗效均作了总结。此外,他还对刀剑的冶锻及古代刀剑发展变化的历史进行了相当的研究。
据贾嵩《华阳陶隐居内传》的记载,陶弘景对待炼丹的态度是非常认真严谨的,他既不盲从古说,也不轻易尝试那些意思不明的丹方。他炼丹的第一步就是对丹经中所记载的"丹方"进行了严格的甄别与筛选。他认为,有的丹方口诀不露, 方法舛略;有的丹方有假冒附加的成分;有的丹方用药甚偏,难以采办。最后才选中了"上清九转金丹方",认为 "唯九转所用药石,皆可寻求;制方之体,辞无浮长,乃缄愿毕志"1。
在陶弘景的炼丹实践中,有很多创造性的发明。"阳燧取火法"即是其一。"阳燧取火法"是指用凹镜在日中取火来加热鼎炉。《华阳陶隐居内传》称陶弘景"自摄心转炼,弥能谨笃。至于燃鼎用阳燧,日中取火,盖其精如此。"2这在当时堪称创举。
此外,李时珍的《本草纲目》中还记载了陶弘景对天然水银和人工炼制水银的区别以及通过火焰的颜色来鉴别硝石和朴消的方法。"[弘景曰]今水银有生熟。此云生符陵平土者,是出朱砂腹中,亦有别出沙地者。青白色,最胜。出于丹砂者,是今烧粗末朱砂所得,色小白浊,不及生者。甚能消化金银,使成泥,人以镀物是也。烧时飞着釜上灰,名汞粉,俗呼为水银灰,最能去风。"3陶弘景以生熟来分别水银质地的高下,无疑是一种比较素朴的认识。而通过火焰来区别硝石和朴消的方法被认为是近代化学用火焰鉴别元素的先声。"[弘景曰]消石疗病与朴消相似,仙经用此消化诸石,今无真识此者 ......
A Study of the External Alchemy of the Highest Clarity Scriptures
Abstract
So far, studies on the external Alchemy of the Highest Clarity Scriptures have been inadequate, and have not received due attention. This paper gives a detailed discussion of the characteristics of the external Alchemy of the Highest Clarity Scriptures described in the Taiwei lingshu ziwen langgan huadan shenzhen shangjing and Taishang bajing sirui zijiang wuzhu jiangsheng shendan fangjing. It examines these characteristics in regard to their historical development, furnaces, mud, fires, medicines, taboos, and efficacies etc. and points out that the characteristics of the external Alchemy of the Highest Clarity Scriptures are quite different from those described in Cantongqi (Three Ways Unified and Normalized). For example, words like Dragon, Tiger, lead and mercury, which are profusely used in Cantongqi, are not mentioned in the above two scriptures. In addition, the two scriptures contain no citation from Cantongqi, even though they were written at a later time. Compared to Cantonqi, they are less theoretical but more practical. Studies on the characteristics of the external Alchemy of the Highest Clarity Scriptures will reveal an important aspect of the ancient external Alchemy which is not covered in Cantongqi. Therefore, they carry great significance.
Key Words: Highest Clarity Sect The External Alchemy Taiwei lingshu ziwen langgan huadam shenzhen shangjing and Taishang bajing sirui zijiang wuzhu jiangsheng shendan fangjing
Dr. Chongfu Zhang, Associate professor of School of overseas education, Sichuan University
提 要: 本文分别从历史传承、丹炉、灶法、神泥、火法、用药、禁忌和效验等角度对上清经《太徽灵书紫文琅玕华丹神真上经》和《上清太上帝君九真中经》卷下的《太上八景四蘂紫浆五珠绛生神丹方经》中的外丹丹法进行了详细的探讨,认为在道教外丹研究中对上清派外丹的研究相当缺乏,还没有引起足够的重视。上清所涉及的外丹丹法与参同契一系的古外丹丹法迥然不同:既不用龙虎、真铅、真汞等名词,也不援引《参同契龙虎经》,具有理旨淡薄、可操作性强的特点。对上清经所涉及的外丹丹法的研究将进一步揭示参同契一系以外的古外丹丹法的真实面目,因而具有重要的学术意义。
主题词:上清经 外丹《太徽灵书紫文琅玕华丹神真上经》《太上八景四蘂紫浆五珠绛生神丹方经》
张崇富 四川大学海外教育学院副教授,宗教学博士。
外丹虽然不是上清派的主流修炼法术,但在上清的整个修炼史上却值得一书。首先,上清派的道士中不乏伟大的炼丹家,如:茅山宗的创始人陶弘景就是继魏伯阳、葛洪之后又一著名的炼丹家。史载,他从梁天监四年(505)至普通六年(525),进行了长达二十年的炼丹实践。为了炼好丹,他甚至一度改服易氏,隐身于深山旷野之中。后炼丹成功,于梁天监(502~519)中献丹于武帝。他撰写了《太清诸丹集要》、《合丹药诸法式节度》、《服饵方》、《服云母诸石药消化三十六水法》、《炼化杂术》、《集金丹黄白方》等炼丹著作。陶弘景的专著虽已失传,但历代本草学援引了不少他的论述。以李时珍《本草纲目》卷八至卷十一"金石类"为例,共载有关药物一百三十四条,引自陶氏《本草集注》卷二"玉石类"原文的五十七条,几近半数。李时珍《本草纲目》中所收的内容来看,陶弘景对金石的产地、形质、分类、用途及疗效均作了总结。此外,他还对刀剑的冶锻及古代刀剑发展变化的历史进行了相当的研究。
据贾嵩《华阳陶隐居内传》的记载,陶弘景对待炼丹的态度是非常认真严谨的,他既不盲从古说,也不轻易尝试那些意思不明的丹方。他炼丹的第一步就是对丹经中所记载的"丹方"进行了严格的甄别与筛选。他认为,有的丹方口诀不露, 方法舛略;有的丹方有假冒附加的成分;有的丹方用药甚偏,难以采办。最后才选中了"上清九转金丹方",认为 "唯九转所用药石,皆可寻求;制方之体,辞无浮长,乃缄愿毕志"1。
在陶弘景的炼丹实践中,有很多创造性的发明。"阳燧取火法"即是其一。"阳燧取火法"是指用凹镜在日中取火来加热鼎炉。《华阳陶隐居内传》称陶弘景"自摄心转炼,弥能谨笃。至于燃鼎用阳燧,日中取火,盖其精如此。"2这在当时堪称创举。
此外,李时珍的《本草纲目》中还记载了陶弘景对天然水银和人工炼制水银的区别以及通过火焰的颜色来鉴别硝石和朴消的方法。"[弘景曰]今水银有生熟。此云生符陵平土者,是出朱砂腹中,亦有别出沙地者。青白色,最胜。出于丹砂者,是今烧粗末朱砂所得,色小白浊,不及生者。甚能消化金银,使成泥,人以镀物是也。烧时飞着釜上灰,名汞粉,俗呼为水银灰,最能去风。"3陶弘景以生熟来分别水银质地的高下,无疑是一种比较素朴的认识。而通过火焰来区别硝石和朴消的方法被认为是近代化学用火焰鉴别元素的先声。"[弘景曰]消石疗病与朴消相似,仙经用此消化诸石,今无真识此者 ......
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