03-行为的天性与教养.ppt
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Myers' PSYCHOLOGY
Chapter 3
Nature, Nurture and
Human Diversity
Genes: Our Biological Blueprint
* Chromosomes
* threadlike structures made of DNA that contain the genes
* DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
* complex molecule containing the genetic information that makes up the chromosomes
* has two strands-forming a "double helix"--held together by bonds between pairs of nucleotides
Genes: Our Biological Blueprint
* Genes
* biochemical units of heredity that make up the chromosomes
* a segment of DNA capable of synthesizing a protein
* Genome
* the complete instructions for making an organism
* consisting of all the genetic material in its chromosomes
Genes: Their Location and Composition
Evolutionary Psychology
* Natural Selection
* the principle that, among the range of inherited trait variations, those that lead to increased reproduction and survival will most likely be passed on to succeeding generations
* Mutations
* random errors in gene replication that lead to a change in the sequence of nucleotides
* the source of all genetic diversity
Evolutionary Psychology
* Evolutionary Psychology
* the study of the evolution of behavior and the mind, using the principles of natural selection
* Gender
* in psychology, the characteristics, whether biologically or socially influenced, by which people define male and female
Evolutionary Psychology
* Men preferred attractive physical features suggesting youth and health
* Women preferred resources and social status
Behavior Genetics
* Behavior Genetics
* study of the relative power and limits of genetic and environmental influences on behavior
* Environment
* every nongenetic influence, from prenatal nutrition to the people and things around us
Behavior Genetics
* Identical Twins
* develop from a single fertilized egg that splits in two, creating two genetically identical organisms
* Fraternal Twins
* develop from separate eggs
* genetically no closer than brothers and sisters, but they share the fetal environment
Behavior Genetics
* Temperament
* a person's characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity
* Heritability
* the proportion of variation among individuals that we can attribute to genes
* may vary, depending on the range of populations and environments studied
Behavior Genetics
* Interaction
* the dependence of the effect of one factor (such as environment) on another factor (such as heredity)
* Molecular Genetics
* the subfield of biology that studies the molecular structure and function of genes
Environmental Influence
* Two placental arrangements in identical twins
Environmental Influence
* Experience affects brain development
Environmental Influence
* A trained brain
Environmental Influence
* Culture
* the enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, and traditions shared by a large group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next
* Norm
* an understood rule for accepted and expected behavior
Environmental Influence
* Personal Space
* the buffer zone we like to maintain around our bodies
* Memes
* self-replicating ideas, fashions, and innovations passed from person to person
The Nature and Nurture of Gender
* X Chromosome
* the sex chromosome found in both men and women
* females have two; males have one
* an X chromosome from each parent produces a female child
* Y Chromosome
* the sex chromosome found only in men
* when paired with an X chromosome from the mother, it produces a male child
The Nature and Nurture of Gender
* Testosterone
* the most important of the male sex hormones
* both males and females have it
* additional testosterone in males stimulates
* growth of male sex organs in the fetus
* development of male sex characteristics during puberty
* Role
* a set of expectations (norms) about a social position
* defining how those in the position ought to behave
The Nature and Nurture of Gender
* Gender Role
* a set of expected behaviors for males and females
* Gender Identity
* one's sense of being male or female
* Gender-typing
* the acquisition of a traditional masculine or feminine role
The Nature and Nurture of Gender
* Gender and Culture
The Nature and Nurture of Gender
The Nature and Nurture of Gender
* Social Learning Theory
* theory that we learn social behavior by observing and imitating and by being rewarded or punished
* Gender Schema Theory
* theory that children learn from their cultures a concept of what it means to be male and female and that they adjust their behavior accordingly
The Nature and Nurture of Gender
* Two theories of gender typing
Myers' PSYCHOLOGY
Chapter 3
Nature, Nurture and
Human Diversity
Genes: Our Biological Blueprint
* Chromosomes
* threadlike structures made of DNA that contain the genes
* DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
* complex molecule containing the genetic information that makes up the chromosomes
* has two strands-forming a "double helix"--held together by bonds between pairs of nucleotides
Genes: Our Biological Blueprint
* Genes
* biochemical units of heredity that make up the chromosomes
* a segment of DNA capable of synthesizing a protein
* Genome
* the complete instructions for making an organism
* consisting of all the genetic material in its chromosomes
Genes: Their Location and Composition
Evolutionary Psychology
* Natural Selection
* the principle that, among the range of inherited trait variations, those that lead to increased reproduction and survival will most likely be passed on to succeeding generations
* Mutations
* random errors in gene replication that lead to a change in the sequence of nucleotides
* the source of all genetic diversity
Evolutionary Psychology
* Evolutionary Psychology
* the study of the evolution of behavior and the mind, using the principles of natural selection
* Gender
* in psychology, the characteristics, whether biologically or socially influenced, by which people define male and female
Evolutionary Psychology
* Men preferred attractive physical features suggesting youth and health
* Women preferred resources and social status
Behavior Genetics
* Behavior Genetics
* study of the relative power and limits of genetic and environmental influences on behavior
* Environment
* every nongenetic influence, from prenatal nutrition to the people and things around us
Behavior Genetics
* Identical Twins
* develop from a single fertilized egg that splits in two, creating two genetically identical organisms
* Fraternal Twins
* develop from separate eggs
* genetically no closer than brothers and sisters, but they share the fetal environment
Behavior Genetics
* Temperament
* a person's characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity
* Heritability
* the proportion of variation among individuals that we can attribute to genes
* may vary, depending on the range of populations and environments studied
Behavior Genetics
* Interaction
* the dependence of the effect of one factor (such as environment) on another factor (such as heredity)
* Molecular Genetics
* the subfield of biology that studies the molecular structure and function of genes
Environmental Influence
* Two placental arrangements in identical twins
Environmental Influence
* Experience affects brain development
Environmental Influence
* A trained brain
Environmental Influence
* Culture
* the enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, and traditions shared by a large group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next
* Norm
* an understood rule for accepted and expected behavior
Environmental Influence
* Personal Space
* the buffer zone we like to maintain around our bodies
* Memes
* self-replicating ideas, fashions, and innovations passed from person to person
The Nature and Nurture of Gender
* X Chromosome
* the sex chromosome found in both men and women
* females have two; males have one
* an X chromosome from each parent produces a female child
* Y Chromosome
* the sex chromosome found only in men
* when paired with an X chromosome from the mother, it produces a male child
The Nature and Nurture of Gender
* Testosterone
* the most important of the male sex hormones
* both males and females have it
* additional testosterone in males stimulates
* growth of male sex organs in the fetus
* development of male sex characteristics during puberty
* Role
* a set of expectations (norms) about a social position
* defining how those in the position ought to behave
The Nature and Nurture of Gender
* Gender Role
* a set of expected behaviors for males and females
* Gender Identity
* one's sense of being male or female
* Gender-typing
* the acquisition of a traditional masculine or feminine role
The Nature and Nurture of Gender
* Gender and Culture
The Nature and Nurture of Gender
The Nature and Nurture of Gender
* Social Learning Theory
* theory that we learn social behavior by observing and imitating and by being rewarded or punished
* Gender Schema Theory
* theory that children learn from their cultures a concept of what it means to be male and female and that they adjust their behavior accordingly
The Nature and Nurture of Gender
* Two theories of gender typing
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