12-动机与工作.ppt
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Myers' PSYCHOLOGY
Chapter 12
Motivation and Work
Motivation
* Motivation
* a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior
* Instinct
* complex behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species and is unlearned
Motivation
* Drive-Reduction Theory
* the idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need
Motivation
* Homeostasis
* tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state
* regulation of any aspect of body chemistry around a particular level
* Incentive
* a positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs
* begins at the base with physiological needs that must first be satisfied
* then higher-level safety needs become active
* then psychological needs become active
Motivation-Hunger
* Stomach contractions accompany our feelings of hunger
Motivation-Hunger
* Glucose
* the form of sugar that circulates in the blood
* provides the major source of energy for body tissues
* when its level is low, we feel hunger
Motivation-Hunger
* Set Point
* the point at which an individual's "weight thermostat" is supposedly set
* when the body falls below this weight, an increase in hunger and a lowered metabolic rate may act to restore the lost weight
* Basal Metabolic Rate
* body's base rate of energy expenditure
Motivation-Hunger
* The hypothalamus controls eating and other body maintenance functions
Motivation-Hunger
Eating Disorders
* Anorexia Nervosa
* when a normal-weight person diets and becomes significantly (>15%) underweight, yet, still feeling fat, continues to starve
* usually an adolescent female
* Bulimia Nervosa
* disorder characterized by episodes of overeating, usually of high-calorie foods, followed by vomiting, laxative use, fasting, or excessive exercise
Women's Body Images
Sexual Motivation
* Sex
* a physiologically based motive, like hunger, but it is more affected by learning and values
* Sexual Response Cycle
* the four stages of sexual responding described by Masters and Johnson
* excitement
* plateau
* orgasm
* resolution
Sexual Motivation
* Refractory Period
* resting period after orgasm, during which a man cannot achieve another orgasm
* Estrogen
* a sex hormone, secreted in greater amountsby females than by males
Forces Affecting Sexual Motivation
Sexual Motivation
* Same drives, different attitudes
Sexual Motivation
* Births to unwed parents
Sexual Motivation
* Sexual Orientation
* an enduring sexual attraction toward members of either one's own gender (homosexual orientation) or the other gender (heterosexual orientation)
Sexual Motivation
Sexual Motivation
Motivation at Work
* Flow
* a completely, involved, focused state of consciousness, with diminished awareness of self and time, resulting from optimal engagement of one's skills
* Industrial/Organizational (I/O) Psychology
* the application of psychological concepts and methods to optimizing human behavior in workplaces
Motivation at Work
* Personnel Psychology
* sub-field of I-O psychology that focuses on employee recruitment, selection, placement, training, appraisal, and development
* Organizational Psychology
* Sub-field of I-O psychology that examines organizational influences on worker satisfaction and productivity and facilitates organizational change
Motivation at Work
Motivation at Work
* Structured Interview
* process that asks the same job-relevant questions of all applicants
* rated on established scales
* Achievement Motivation
* a desire for significant accomplishment
* for mastery of things, people, or ideas
* for attaining a high standard
Motivation at Work
* Personnel psychologists' tasks
Motivation at Work
* 360-degree feedback
Motivation at Work
* On the right path
Motivation
* Task Leadership
* goal-oriented leadership that sets standards, organizes work, and focuses attention on goals
* Social Leadership
* group-oriented leadership that builds teamwork, mediates conflict, and offers support
Motivation
* Theory X
* assumes that workers are basically lazy, error-prone, and extrinsically motivated by money
* workers should be directed from above
* Theory Y
* assumes that, given challenge and freedom, workers are motivated to achieve self-esteem and to demonstrate their competence and creativity
Myers' PSYCHOLOGY
Chapter 12
Motivation and Work
Motivation
* Motivation
* a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior
* Instinct
* complex behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species and is unlearned
Motivation
* Drive-Reduction Theory
* the idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need
Motivation
* Homeostasis
* tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state
* regulation of any aspect of body chemistry around a particular level
* Incentive
* a positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs
* begins at the base with physiological needs that must first be satisfied
* then higher-level safety needs become active
* then psychological needs become active
Motivation-Hunger
* Stomach contractions accompany our feelings of hunger
Motivation-Hunger
* Glucose
* the form of sugar that circulates in the blood
* provides the major source of energy for body tissues
* when its level is low, we feel hunger
Motivation-Hunger
* Set Point
* the point at which an individual's "weight thermostat" is supposedly set
* when the body falls below this weight, an increase in hunger and a lowered metabolic rate may act to restore the lost weight
* Basal Metabolic Rate
* body's base rate of energy expenditure
Motivation-Hunger
* The hypothalamus controls eating and other body maintenance functions
Motivation-Hunger
Eating Disorders
* Anorexia Nervosa
* when a normal-weight person diets and becomes significantly (>15%) underweight, yet, still feeling fat, continues to starve
* usually an adolescent female
* Bulimia Nervosa
* disorder characterized by episodes of overeating, usually of high-calorie foods, followed by vomiting, laxative use, fasting, or excessive exercise
Women's Body Images
Sexual Motivation
* Sex
* a physiologically based motive, like hunger, but it is more affected by learning and values
* Sexual Response Cycle
* the four stages of sexual responding described by Masters and Johnson
* excitement
* plateau
* orgasm
* resolution
Sexual Motivation
* Refractory Period
* resting period after orgasm, during which a man cannot achieve another orgasm
* Estrogen
* a sex hormone, secreted in greater amountsby females than by males
Forces Affecting Sexual Motivation
Sexual Motivation
* Same drives, different attitudes
Sexual Motivation
* Births to unwed parents
Sexual Motivation
* Sexual Orientation
* an enduring sexual attraction toward members of either one's own gender (homosexual orientation) or the other gender (heterosexual orientation)
Sexual Motivation
Sexual Motivation
Motivation at Work
* Flow
* a completely, involved, focused state of consciousness, with diminished awareness of self and time, resulting from optimal engagement of one's skills
* Industrial/Organizational (I/O) Psychology
* the application of psychological concepts and methods to optimizing human behavior in workplaces
Motivation at Work
* Personnel Psychology
* sub-field of I-O psychology that focuses on employee recruitment, selection, placement, training, appraisal, and development
* Organizational Psychology
* Sub-field of I-O psychology that examines organizational influences on worker satisfaction and productivity and facilitates organizational change
Motivation at Work
Motivation at Work
* Structured Interview
* process that asks the same job-relevant questions of all applicants
* rated on established scales
* Achievement Motivation
* a desire for significant accomplishment
* for mastery of things, people, or ideas
* for attaining a high standard
Motivation at Work
* Personnel psychologists' tasks
Motivation at Work
* 360-degree feedback
Motivation at Work
* On the right path
Motivation
* Task Leadership
* goal-oriented leadership that sets standards, organizes work, and focuses attention on goals
* Social Leadership
* group-oriented leadership that builds teamwork, mediates conflict, and offers support
Motivation
* Theory X
* assumes that workers are basically lazy, error-prone, and extrinsically motivated by money
* workers should be directed from above
* Theory Y
* assumes that, given challenge and freedom, workers are motivated to achieve self-esteem and to demonstrate their competence and creativity
附件资料：
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