09-记忆.ppt
http://www.100md.com
参见附件(1285KB)。
Myers' PSYCHOLOGY
Chapter 9
Memory
Memory
* Memory
* persistence of learning over time via the storage and retrieval of information
* Flashbulb Memory
* a clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event
Memory
* Memory as Information Processing
* similar to a computer
* write to file
* save to disk
* read from disk
* Encoding
* the processing of information into the memory system
* i.e., extracting meaning
Memory
* Storage
* the retention of encoded information over time
* Retrieval
* process of getting information out of memory
Memory
* Sensory Memory
* the immediate, initial recording of sensory information in the memory system
* Working Memory
* focuses more on the processing of briefly stored information
Memory
* Short-Term Memory
* activated memory that holds a few items briefly
* look up a phone number, then quickly dial before the information is forgotten
* Long-Term Memory
* the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system
A Simplified Memory Model
Encoding: Getting Information In
Encoding
* Automatic Processing
* unconscious encoding of incidental information
* space
* time
* frequency
* well-learned information
* word meanings
* we can learn automatic processing
* reading backwards
Encoding
* Effortful Processing
* requires attention and conscious effort
* Rehearsal
* conscious repetition of information
* to maintain it in consciousness
* to encode it for storage
Encoding
* Ebbinghaus used nonsense syllables
* TUV ZOF GEK WAV
* the more times practiced on Day 1, the fewer repetitions to relearn on Day 2
* Spacing Effect
* distributed practice yields better long- term retention than massed practice
Encoding
Encoding: Serial Position Effect
What Do We Encode?
* Semantic Encoding
* encoding of meaning
* including meaning of words
* Acoustic Encoding
* encoding of sound
* especially sound of words
* Visual Encoding
* encoding of picture images
Encoding
Encoding
* Imagery
* mental pictures
* a powerful aid to effortful processing, especially when combined with semantic encoding
* Mnemonics
* memory aids
* especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices
Encoding
* Chunking
* organizing items into familiar, manageable units
* like horizontal organization--1776149218121941
* often occurs automatically
* use of acronyms
* HOMES--Huron, Ontario, Michigan, Erie, Superior
* ARITHMETIC--ARat In Tom's House Might Eat Tom's Ice Cream
Encoding: Chunking
* Organized information is more easily recalled
Encoding
* Hierarchies
* complex information broken down into broad concepts and further subdivided into categories and subcategories
Storage:
Retaining Information
* Iconic Memory
* a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli
* a photographic or picture image memory lasting no more that a few tenths of a second
* Echoic Memory
* momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli
Storage:
Short-Term Memory
* Short-Term Memory
* limited in duration and capacity
* "magical" number 7+/-2
Storage:
Long-Term Memory
* How does storage work?
* Karl Lashley (1950)
* rats learn maze
* lesion cortex
* test memory
* Synaptic changes
* Long-term Potentiation
* increase in synapse's firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation
* Strong emotions make for stronger memories
* some stress hormones boost learning and retention
Storage:
Long-Term Memory
* Amnesia--the loss of memory
* Explicit Memory
* memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and declare
* also called declarative memory
* hippocampus--neural center in limbic system that helps process explicit memories for storage
* Implicit Memory
* retention independent of conscious recollection
* also called procedural memory
Storage: Long-Term Memory Subsystems
Storage:
Long-Term Memory
* MRI scan of hippocampus (in red)
Retrieval: Getting Information Out
* Recall
* measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier
* as on a fill-in-the blank test
* Recognition
* Measure of memory in which the person has only to identify items previously learned
* as on a multiple-choice test
Retrieval
* Relearning
* memory measure that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material a second time
* Priming
* activation, often unconsciously, of particular associations in memory
Retrieval Cues
Retrieval Cues
* Deja Vu (French)--already seen
* cues from the current situation may subconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier similar experience
* "I've experienced this before."
* Mood-congruent Memory
* tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one's current mood
* memory, emotions, or moods serve as retrieval cues
* State-dependent Memory
* what is learned in one state (while one is high, drunk, or depressed) can more easily be remembered when in same state
Retrieval Cues
* After learning to move a mobile by kicking, infants had their learning reactivated most strongly when retested in the same rather than a different context (Butler & Rovee-Collier, 1989).
Forgetting
* Forgetting as encoding failure
* Information never enters the long-term memory
Forgetting
* Forgetting as encoding failure
* Which penny is the real thing?
Forgetting
* Ebbinghausforgetting curve over 30 days-- initially rapid, then levels off with time......（后略) ......
Myers' PSYCHOLOGY
Chapter 9
Memory
Memory
* Memory
* persistence of learning over time via the storage and retrieval of information
* Flashbulb Memory
* a clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event
Memory
* Memory as Information Processing
* similar to a computer
* write to file
* save to disk
* read from disk
* Encoding
* the processing of information into the memory system
* i.e., extracting meaning
Memory
* Storage
* the retention of encoded information over time
* Retrieval
* process of getting information out of memory
Memory
* Sensory Memory
* the immediate, initial recording of sensory information in the memory system
* Working Memory
* focuses more on the processing of briefly stored information
Memory
* Short-Term Memory
* activated memory that holds a few items briefly
* look up a phone number, then quickly dial before the information is forgotten
* Long-Term Memory
* the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system
A Simplified Memory Model
Encoding: Getting Information In
Encoding
* Automatic Processing
* unconscious encoding of incidental information
* space
* time
* frequency
* well-learned information
* word meanings
* we can learn automatic processing
* reading backwards
Encoding
* Effortful Processing
* requires attention and conscious effort
* Rehearsal
* conscious repetition of information
* to maintain it in consciousness
* to encode it for storage
Encoding
* Ebbinghaus used nonsense syllables
* TUV ZOF GEK WAV
* the more times practiced on Day 1, the fewer repetitions to relearn on Day 2
* Spacing Effect
* distributed practice yields better long- term retention than massed practice
Encoding
Encoding: Serial Position Effect
What Do We Encode?
* Semantic Encoding
* encoding of meaning
* including meaning of words
* Acoustic Encoding
* encoding of sound
* especially sound of words
* Visual Encoding
* encoding of picture images
Encoding
Encoding
* Imagery
* mental pictures
* a powerful aid to effortful processing, especially when combined with semantic encoding
* Mnemonics
* memory aids
* especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices
Encoding
* Chunking
* organizing items into familiar, manageable units
* like horizontal organization--1776149218121941
* often occurs automatically
* use of acronyms
* HOMES--Huron, Ontario, Michigan, Erie, Superior
* ARITHMETIC--ARat In Tom's House Might Eat Tom's Ice Cream
Encoding: Chunking
* Organized information is more easily recalled
Encoding
* Hierarchies
* complex information broken down into broad concepts and further subdivided into categories and subcategories
Storage:
Retaining Information
* Iconic Memory
* a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli
* a photographic or picture image memory lasting no more that a few tenths of a second
* Echoic Memory
* momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli
Storage:
Short-Term Memory
* Short-Term Memory
* limited in duration and capacity
* "magical" number 7+/-2
Storage:
Long-Term Memory
* How does storage work?
* Karl Lashley (1950)
* rats learn maze
* lesion cortex
* test memory
* Synaptic changes
* Long-term Potentiation
* increase in synapse's firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation
* Strong emotions make for stronger memories
* some stress hormones boost learning and retention
Storage:
Long-Term Memory
* Amnesia--the loss of memory
* Explicit Memory
* memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and declare
* also called declarative memory
* hippocampus--neural center in limbic system that helps process explicit memories for storage
* Implicit Memory
* retention independent of conscious recollection
* also called procedural memory
Storage: Long-Term Memory Subsystems
Storage:
Long-Term Memory
* MRI scan of hippocampus (in red)
Retrieval: Getting Information Out
* Recall
* measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier
* as on a fill-in-the blank test
* Recognition
* Measure of memory in which the person has only to identify items previously learned
* as on a multiple-choice test
Retrieval
* Relearning
* memory measure that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material a second time
* Priming
* activation, often unconsciously, of particular associations in memory
Retrieval Cues
Retrieval Cues
* Deja Vu (French)--already seen
* cues from the current situation may subconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier similar experience
* "I've experienced this before."
* Mood-congruent Memory
* tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one's current mood
* memory, emotions, or moods serve as retrieval cues
* State-dependent Memory
* what is learned in one state (while one is high, drunk, or depressed) can more easily be remembered when in same state
Retrieval Cues
* After learning to move a mobile by kicking, infants had their learning reactivated most strongly when retested in the same rather than a different context (Butler & Rovee-Collier, 1989).
Forgetting
* Forgetting as encoding failure
* Information never enters the long-term memory
Forgetting
* Forgetting as encoding failure
* Which penny is the real thing?
Forgetting
* Ebbinghausforgetting curve over 30 days-- initially rapid, then levels off with time......（后略) ......
附件资料：
相关资料1：