10-思维和语言.ppt
http://www.100md.com
参见附件(1636KB)。
Myers' PSYCHOLOGY
Chapter 10
Thinking and Language
Thinking
* Cognition
* mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating
* Cognitive Psychologists
* study these mental activities
* concept formation
* problem solving
* decision making
* judgment formation
Thinking
* Concept
* mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people
* Prototype
* mental image or best example of a category
* matching new items to the prototype provides a quick and easy method for including items in a category (as when comparing feathered creatures to a prototypical bird, such as a robin)
Thinking
* Algorithm
* methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem
* contrasts with the usually speedier-but also more error-prone--use of heuristics
Thinking
* Heuristic
* simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently
* usually speedier than algorithms
* more error-prone than algorithms
Thinking
Unscramble
S P L O Y O C H Y G
* Algorithm
* all 907,208 combinations
* Heuristic
* throw out all YY combinations
* other heuristics?
Thinking
* Insight
* sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem
* contrasts with strategy-based solutions
* Confirmation Bias
* tendency to search for information that confirms one's preconceptions
* Fixation
* inability to see a problem from a new perspective
* impediment to problem solving
The Matchstick Problem
* How would you arrange six matches to form four equilateral triangles?
The Three-Jugs Problem
* Using jugs A, B, and C, with the capacities shown, how would you measure out the volumes indicated?
The Candle-Mounting Problem
* Using these materials, how would you mount the candle on a bulletin board?
Thinking
* Mental Set
* tendency to approach a problem in a particular way
* especially a way that has been successful in the past but may or may not be helpful in solving a new problem
Thinking
* Functional Fixedness
* tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions
* impediment to problem solving
The Matchstick Problem
* Solution to the matchstick problem
The Three-Jugs Problem
* Solution:a)All seven problems can be solved by the equation shown in (a): B - A - 2C = desired volume.
* b) But simpler solutions exist for problems 6 and 7, such as A - C for problem 6.
The Candle-Mounting Problem
* Solving this problem requires recognizing that a box need not always serve as a container
Heuristics
* Representativeness Heuristic
* judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes
* may lead one to ignore other relevant information
Heuristics
* Availability Heuristic
* estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory
* if instances come readily to mind (perhaps because of their vividness), we presume such events are common
* Example:airplane crash
Thinking
* Overconfidence
* tendency to be more confident than correct
* tendency to overestimate the accuracy of one's beliefs and judgments
Thinking
* Framing
* the way an issue is posed
* how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgments
* Example:What is the best way to market ground beef--as 25% fat or 75% lean?
Thinking
* Belief Bias
* the tendency for one's preexisting beliefs to distort logical reasoning
* sometimes by making invalid conclusions seem valid or valid conclusions seem invalid
* Belief Perseverance
* clinging to one's initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited
Artificial Intelligence
* Artificial Intelligence
* designing and programming computer systems
* to do intelligent things
* to simulate human thought processes
* intuitive reasoning
* learning
* understanding language
Artificial Intelligence
* Computer Neural Networks
* computer circuits that mimic the brain's interconnected neural cells
* performing tasks
* learning to recognize visual patterns
* learning to recognize smells
Language
* Language
* our spoken, written, or gestured works and the way we combine them to communicate meaning
* Phoneme
* in a spoken language, the smallest distinctive sound unit
Language
* Morpheme
* in a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning
* may be a word or a part of a word (such as a prefix)
* Grammar
* a system of rules in a language that enables us to communicate with and understand others
Language
* Semantics
* the set of rules by which we derive meaning from morphemes, words, and sentences in a given language
* also, the study of meaning
* Syntax
* the rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences in a given language
Language
Language
* Babbling Stage
* beginning at 3 to 4 months
* the stage of speech development in which the infant spontaneously utters various sounds at first unrelated to the household language
* One-Word Stage
* from about age 1 to 2
* the stage in speech development during which a child speaks mostly in single words
Language
* Two-Word Stage
* beginning about age 2
* the stage in speech development during which a child speaks in mostly two-word statements
* Telegraphic Speech
* early speech stage in which the child speaks like a telegram--"go car"--using mostly nouns and verbs and omitting "auxiliary" words
Language
Language
* Genes design the mechanisms for a language, and experience activates them as it modifies the brain
Language
* New language learning gets harder with age
Language
* Linguistic Determinism
* Whorf"s hypothesis that language determines the way we think
Language
* The interplay of thought and language
Animal Thinking and Language
* The straight-line part of the dance points in the direction of a nectar source, relative to the sun
Animal Thinking and Language
* Gestured Communication
Animal Thinking and Language
* Is this really language?
Myers' PSYCHOLOGY
Chapter 10
Thinking and Language
Thinking
* Cognition
* mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating
* Cognitive Psychologists
* study these mental activities
* concept formation
* problem solving
* decision making
* judgment formation
Thinking
* Concept
* mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people
* Prototype
* mental image or best example of a category
* matching new items to the prototype provides a quick and easy method for including items in a category (as when comparing feathered creatures to a prototypical bird, such as a robin)
Thinking
* Algorithm
* methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem
* contrasts with the usually speedier-but also more error-prone--use of heuristics
Thinking
* Heuristic
* simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently
* usually speedier than algorithms
* more error-prone than algorithms
Thinking
Unscramble
S P L O Y O C H Y G
* Algorithm
* all 907,208 combinations
* Heuristic
* throw out all YY combinations
* other heuristics?
Thinking
* Insight
* sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem
* contrasts with strategy-based solutions
* Confirmation Bias
* tendency to search for information that confirms one's preconceptions
* Fixation
* inability to see a problem from a new perspective
* impediment to problem solving
The Matchstick Problem
* How would you arrange six matches to form four equilateral triangles?
The Three-Jugs Problem
* Using jugs A, B, and C, with the capacities shown, how would you measure out the volumes indicated?
The Candle-Mounting Problem
* Using these materials, how would you mount the candle on a bulletin board?
Thinking
* Mental Set
* tendency to approach a problem in a particular way
* especially a way that has been successful in the past but may or may not be helpful in solving a new problem
Thinking
* Functional Fixedness
* tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions
* impediment to problem solving
The Matchstick Problem
* Solution to the matchstick problem
The Three-Jugs Problem
* Solution:a)All seven problems can be solved by the equation shown in (a): B - A - 2C = desired volume.
* b) But simpler solutions exist for problems 6 and 7, such as A - C for problem 6.
The Candle-Mounting Problem
* Solving this problem requires recognizing that a box need not always serve as a container
Heuristics
* Representativeness Heuristic
* judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes
* may lead one to ignore other relevant information
Heuristics
* Availability Heuristic
* estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory
* if instances come readily to mind (perhaps because of their vividness), we presume such events are common
* Example:airplane crash
Thinking
* Overconfidence
* tendency to be more confident than correct
* tendency to overestimate the accuracy of one's beliefs and judgments
Thinking
* Framing
* the way an issue is posed
* how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgments
* Example:What is the best way to market ground beef--as 25% fat or 75% lean?
Thinking
* Belief Bias
* the tendency for one's preexisting beliefs to distort logical reasoning
* sometimes by making invalid conclusions seem valid or valid conclusions seem invalid
* Belief Perseverance
* clinging to one's initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited
Artificial Intelligence
* Artificial Intelligence
* designing and programming computer systems
* to do intelligent things
* to simulate human thought processes
* intuitive reasoning
* learning
* understanding language
Artificial Intelligence
* Computer Neural Networks
* computer circuits that mimic the brain's interconnected neural cells
* performing tasks
* learning to recognize visual patterns
* learning to recognize smells
Language
* Language
* our spoken, written, or gestured works and the way we combine them to communicate meaning
* Phoneme
* in a spoken language, the smallest distinctive sound unit
Language
* Morpheme
* in a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning
* may be a word or a part of a word (such as a prefix)
* Grammar
* a system of rules in a language that enables us to communicate with and understand others
Language
* Semantics
* the set of rules by which we derive meaning from morphemes, words, and sentences in a given language
* also, the study of meaning
* Syntax
* the rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences in a given language
Language
Language
* Babbling Stage
* beginning at 3 to 4 months
* the stage of speech development in which the infant spontaneously utters various sounds at first unrelated to the household language
* One-Word Stage
* from about age 1 to 2
* the stage in speech development during which a child speaks mostly in single words
Language
* Two-Word Stage
* beginning about age 2
* the stage in speech development during which a child speaks in mostly two-word statements
* Telegraphic Speech
* early speech stage in which the child speaks like a telegram--"go car"--using mostly nouns and verbs and omitting "auxiliary" words
Language
Language
* Genes design the mechanisms for a language, and experience activates them as it modifies the brain
Language
* New language learning gets harder with age
Language
* Linguistic Determinism
* Whorf"s hypothesis that language determines the way we think
Language
* The interplay of thought and language
Animal Thinking and Language
* The straight-line part of the dance points in the direction of a nectar source, relative to the sun
Animal Thinking and Language
* Gestured Communication
Animal Thinking and Language
* Is this really language?
附件资料：
相关资料1：
- 《思维的艺术：如何像哲学家一样思考》.pdf
- 打破你的学生思维.pdf
- 《高手必备的经济学思维》共12册.pdf .epub .mobi .azw3
- 《互联网产品设计思维与实践》.pdf
- 思维导图攻略.pdf
- 罗辑思维（全5册）.epub
- 《批判性思维》.pdf
- 我们如何思维-约翰 杜威.pdf
- 数字思维：科学将如何重新定义人类、思维和智能？.pdf
- 重来：更为简单有效的商业思维.pdf
- 《让孩子越玩越聪明的300个全脑思维游戏》扫描版.pdf
- 《打造互联网思维：商战_移动的帝国_沸腾十五年_高效上网整理术_大数据时代创造大业绩-吴晓波,曾航,刘羽,陶旭骏,林军,大师轻松读》.mobi
- 逻辑思维，只要5步.pdf
- 《人工智能时代：人机共生下财富、工作与思维的大未来》杰瑞·卡普兰.pdf .epub
- 《青少年最爱玩的多重思维游戏》扫描版.pdf
相关资料2：
- 《欲望心理学》扫描版.pdf
- 《药食两用植物：马兰》扫描版.pdf
- 《自恋主义文化：心理危机时代的美国生活》(The Culture of Narcissism )扫描版.pdf
- 《功到病除》张昭原&李瑞岭
- [黄德临证秘验良方选].黄德.扫描版.pdf
- 中国针灸刺灸法通鉴.pdf
- 《经济学语境下的法律规则》((美)大卫.D.弗里德曼)扫描版.pdf
- 名人传.PDF
- 卫生部规划教材《生物化学》(第6版)配套光盘ppt:第11章转录.PPT
- 针灸聚英.pdf
- 美国性史.（美）伊丽莎白·赖斯编.pdf
- 《一次完全读懂中医自诊手册》扫描版.pdf
- 《教你如何烹饪美食》(How to cook)文字插图版.pdf
- 神经生物学ppt课件:9动机与成瘾.ppt
- 《实用图示推背疗法》扫描版.pdf