脑动脉狭窄支架成形术的质量控制(二)
六、脑动脉狭窄的临床分型和造影分型:
1、临床分型:
目前尚无合适和简便的临床分型用于解释临床表现和判断血管重建术后病人是否获益。为此,我们制定了脑动脉狭窄的临床分型,其主要临床意义是评估血管重建术的价值。
a、无症状性狭窄
b、症状性狭窄
①Ⅰ型狭窄,引起狭窄相应区域的缺血性临床表现。
②Ⅱ型狭窄,引起了侧支血管供血区域缺血症状(盗血综合症),而狭窄相应区域由于盗血得到代偿而未出现相应的症状。
③Ⅲ型狭窄:混合型或复杂型。
各型又细分为三个亚型:
, 百拇医药
A型,相应区域无梗死灶,或有小梗死灶但无神经缺损后遗症,乙酰唑胺(Diamox)激发试验异常,预计血管重建术后病人能获益。
B型,相应区域小面积梗死,病人发生过小卒中,或合并远端血管串联性狭窄,或合并远端主干闭塞,但该支动脉尚参与其它狭窄血管的侧支血供,预计血管重建术后病人能部分获益。
C型,相应区域大面积脑梗死,有大卒中后遗症,或合并远端主干慢性闭塞且该动脉未参与其它狭窄血管的侧支血供,预计血管重建术后病人不能获益甚至有害。
2、颅内动脉狭窄的造影分型:
部位、形态学和路径分型(Classifications of location,morphology and access,简称LMA 分型)有助于预测颅内支架成形术的结果和制定个体化方案[26]。
, 百拇医药
a、部位分型:A、B型部位分别为分叉前、后狭窄;C型部位,跨分叉狭窄,边支动脉无狭窄;D型部位,跨分叉狭窄,边支动脉有狭窄;E型部位,边支动脉开口部狭窄;F型部位,分叉前狭窄和边支开口部狭窄。M1开口部病变被定义为距起始部3 mm 以内的狭窄,视为B型部位。M1最大分支被视为M1主干的延续,然后进行部位分型。N型部位,非分叉处病变。
b、形态学分型:基于冠状动脉分型和 Mori 等人的颅内动脉狭窄分型。A型病变,长度<5 mm的向心性或适度偏心性、光滑性狭窄;B型病变,长度5 mm~10 mm,偏心性或成角性(>45º )或不规则性狭窄,或时间短于3个月的完全性闭塞;C性病变,长度>10 mm,或严重成角(>90º)病变或时间超过3个月的完全性闭塞或狭窄段周围有许多新生血管丛。
c、路径分型:Ⅰ型路径,适度的弯曲,路径光滑;Ⅱ型路径,较严重的迂曲或路径的动脉壁不光滑;Ⅲ型路径,严重的迂曲。
, http://www.100md.com
推荐LMA的纪录方法包括两部分:第一部分在“/”之前,纪录狭窄部位并以“-”间隔,注明:开口部(Origin,O)或主干(Trunk,T)或分叉部(Bifurcation,B)病变;第二部分为LMA分型,在“/”之后,依次纪录部位分型、形态学分型、路径分型,以“,”间隔;所有纪录均采用英文字头缩写。比如:LM1-B / A,B,Ⅰ表示左侧(Left)大脑中动脉M1段分叉处狭窄,狭窄位于M1段分叉前、B型病变、Ⅰ型路径;LM1-T / N,A,Ⅱ表示左侧大脑中动脉M1段主干狭窄,非分叉处狭窄,A型病变,Ⅱ型路径;RM1-O / B,C,Ⅲ表示右侧M1开口部狭窄,属于颈内动脉分叉后狭窄,C型病变,Ⅲ型路径。
参考文献:
1、 Barr JD, Connors JJ, Sacks D, et al. Quality improvement guidelines for the performance of cervical carotid angioplasty and stent placement. Developed by a Collaborative Panel of the American Society of Interventional and Therapeutic Neuroradiology, the American Society of Neuroradiology, the Society of Interventional Radiology. J Vasc Interv Radiology 2003; 14: 1079-1093
, 百拇医药
2、 North American Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Trial Collaborators. Beneficial effect of carotid endarterectomy in symptomatic patient with high-grade carotid stenosis. N Engl J Med 1991; 325: 445-508
3、 Executive Committee for the Asymptomatic Carotid Atherosclerosis Study. Endarterectomy for asymptomatic carotid artery stenosis. JAMA 1995; 273: 1421-1428
4、 Wennberg DE, Lucas FL, Birkmeyer JD,et al. Varation in carotid endarterectomy mortality in the Medicare populating: trial hospital, volume, and patient characteristics, JAMA 1998; 279: 1278-1281
, 百拇医药
5、 Biller J, Feinberg WM, Castaldo JE, et al. Guidelines for carotid endarterectomy: a statement for Healthcare Professionals from a Special Writing Group of the Stroke Council, American Heart Association. Stroke 1998; 29: 554-562
6、 Hobson RW II, Weiss DG, Fields WS, et al. Efficacy of carotid endarterectomy for asymptomatic carotid stenosis. The Veterans Affairs Cooperative Study Group. N Engl J Med 1993; 328: 221-227
7、 Mayo Asymptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Study Group. Results of a randomized controlled trial of carotid endarterectomy for asymptomatic carotid stenosis. Mayo Clin Proc 1992; 67: 513-518
, 百拇医药
8、 Longstreth WT, Shemanski L, Lefkowitz D, et al. Asymptomatic carotid artery stenosis defined by ultrasound and the risk of subsequent stroke in the eldrly. The Cardiovascular Health Study. Stroke 1998; 29: 2371-2376
9、 Olin JW, Fonseca C, Childs MB, et al. The natural history of asymptomatic moderate internal carotid artery stenosis by duplex ultrasound. Vasc Med 1998; 3: 101-108
10、 Hennerici M, Hulsbomer HB, Hefter H, et al. Natural history of symptomatic extracranial arterial disease. Results of a long term prospective study. Brain 1987; 110(pt 3): 777-791
, http://www.100md.com
11、 Inzitari D, Eliasziw M, Gates P, et al. The cause and risk of stroke in patients with asymptomatic internal-carotid-artery stenosis. North American Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Trial Collaborators. N Engl J Med 2000; 342: 1693-1700
12、 Gebel JM, Brott TG, Howard VJ, et al. Brain injury as detected by computerized tomography in CT scan in ACAS(abstr). Stoke 2003; 34: 238
13、 Perry JR, Szalai JP, Norris JW. Consensus agaist both endarterectomy and routine screening for asymptomatic carotid artery stenosis. Canadian Stroke Consortium. Arch Neurol 1996; 54: 25-28
, 百拇医药
14、 Endovascular versus surgical treatment in patients with carotid stenosis in the Carotid and Vertebral Artery Transluminal Angioplasty Study (CAVATAS): a randomised trial. Lancet 2001; 357: 1729-1737
15、 Alberts MJ for the Publications Committee of the Wallstent Trial. Results of a multicenter prospevtive randomized trial of carotid artery stenting vs carotid endarterectomy (abstr). Stroke 2001; 32:325
16、 Books WH, McClure RR, Jones MR, et al. Carotid angioplasty and Stenting versus carotid endarterectomy: randomized trial in a community hospital. J Am Coll Cardiol 2001; 38: 1589-1595
, 百拇医药
17、 Kastrup A, Groschel K, Krapf H, et al. Early outcome of carotid angioplasty and stenting with and without cerebral protection devices: a systematic reviw of the literature. Stroke 2003; 34: 813-819
18、 Gomez CR, Orr SC. Angioplasty and stenting for primary treatment of intracranial arterial stenosis. Arch Neurol 2000 58: 1687-1690
19、 Wong KS, Huang YN, Gao S, et al. Intracranial stenosis in Chinese patients with acute stroke. Neurology 1998; 50: 812-813
, 百拇医药
20、 Chimowitz MI, Kokkinos J, Strong J, et al. The Warfarin-Aspirin Symptomatic Intracranial Disease (WASID) Study. Neurology 1995; 45: 1488-1493
21、 Benesch CG, Chimowitz MI. Best treatment for intracranial arterial stenosis?: 50 years of uncertainty. Neurology 2000; 55: 465-466
22、 姜卫剑,王拥军,杜彬等.症状性椎基底动脉狭窄的内支架成形术.介入放射学杂志 2002; 11: 247-250
23、 Malek AM, Higashida RT, Phatouros CC, et al. Treatment of posterior circulation ischemia with extracranial percutaneous balloon angioplasty and stent placement. Stroke 1999; 30: 2073-2085
, http://www.100md.com
24、 Chastain HD, Campbell MS, Iyer S, et al. Extracranial vertebral artery stent placement: in-hospital and follow-up results. J Neurosurg 1999; 91: 547-552
25、 姜卫剑,王拥军,杜彬等. 经皮血管内治疗症状性颅内脑动脉狭窄.介入放射学杂志 2002; 11: 243-246
26、 姜卫剑,杜彬,王拥军等. 症状性颅内动脉狭窄的造影分型与支架成形术. 中华内科杂志 2003; 42: 545-549
27、 Failure of extracranial-intracranial artery bypass to reduce the risk of ischemic stroke. Results of an international randomized trial. The EC/IC Bypass Study Group. N Engl J Med 1985; 313: 1191-1200
, 百拇医药
附表:指征、技术成功和并发症阈值
神经系统并发症 并发症阈值
无症状性病人(%) 症状性病人
小的短暂缺损 * *
大的短暂缺损 * *
小的可逆性卒中 3.5 6
大的可逆性卒中 2 3
小的永久性卒中 3 4.5
大的永久性卒中 2 3
死亡 0# 0#
, 百拇医药
指征 满足CAS的指征 95%
技术成功 90%
附表来自颈段颈动脉成形术和支架术质量提高指南[1]。将表中阈值与已报道的CEA并发症发生率进行比较是不合适的,可能会导致错误的结论即与较低的CEA并发症相比,可以接受CAS有较高的神经并发症:1、阈值不是用于描述合适的并发症发生率,它是高于预期并发症率,从而进行原因审查。2、阈值高于在并发症率方面高于CEA的NASCET和ACAS试验的并发症结果,但这些试验仅针对低危病人。而本阈值仅适用于高危病人。3、当CEA进行在类似高危人群时,本阈值与CEA有可比性。4、本阈值不适用于低危病人,在低危病人的CAS研究试验中,需要更低的阈值。5、神经并发症的定义(据此制定的阈值)与在许多报道中的定义不同,目前尚无统一的、标准的方法报告神经并发症,本指南中的定义希望能够广泛应用于脑血管病介入和外科。6、并发症阈值是术后30天的结果,而不是即刻结果。7、可逆性卒中的阈值的制定是基于预计可逆性缺损可能稍多于永久性缺损,这尚无合适的科学文献证实。*目前,没有足够的资料提示CAS的短暂性缺损阈值。应当收集和报道这些资料以进一步研究CAS,或许能够永久性卒中的发生率。当有合适的资料后,修改短暂性并发症的阈值。#所有的死亡应当进行审查。, 百拇医药(姜卫剑 王拥军 戴建平)
1、临床分型:
目前尚无合适和简便的临床分型用于解释临床表现和判断血管重建术后病人是否获益。为此,我们制定了脑动脉狭窄的临床分型,其主要临床意义是评估血管重建术的价值。
a、无症状性狭窄
b、症状性狭窄
①Ⅰ型狭窄,引起狭窄相应区域的缺血性临床表现。
②Ⅱ型狭窄,引起了侧支血管供血区域缺血症状(盗血综合症),而狭窄相应区域由于盗血得到代偿而未出现相应的症状。
③Ⅲ型狭窄:混合型或复杂型。
各型又细分为三个亚型:
, 百拇医药
A型,相应区域无梗死灶,或有小梗死灶但无神经缺损后遗症,乙酰唑胺(Diamox)激发试验异常,预计血管重建术后病人能获益。
B型,相应区域小面积梗死,病人发生过小卒中,或合并远端血管串联性狭窄,或合并远端主干闭塞,但该支动脉尚参与其它狭窄血管的侧支血供,预计血管重建术后病人能部分获益。
C型,相应区域大面积脑梗死,有大卒中后遗症,或合并远端主干慢性闭塞且该动脉未参与其它狭窄血管的侧支血供,预计血管重建术后病人不能获益甚至有害。
2、颅内动脉狭窄的造影分型:
部位、形态学和路径分型(Classifications of location,morphology and access,简称LMA 分型)有助于预测颅内支架成形术的结果和制定个体化方案[26]。
, 百拇医药
a、部位分型:A、B型部位分别为分叉前、后狭窄;C型部位,跨分叉狭窄,边支动脉无狭窄;D型部位,跨分叉狭窄,边支动脉有狭窄;E型部位,边支动脉开口部狭窄;F型部位,分叉前狭窄和边支开口部狭窄。M1开口部病变被定义为距起始部3 mm 以内的狭窄,视为B型部位。M1最大分支被视为M1主干的延续,然后进行部位分型。N型部位,非分叉处病变。
b、形态学分型:基于冠状动脉分型和 Mori 等人的颅内动脉狭窄分型。A型病变,长度<5 mm的向心性或适度偏心性、光滑性狭窄;B型病变,长度5 mm~10 mm,偏心性或成角性(>45º )或不规则性狭窄,或时间短于3个月的完全性闭塞;C性病变,长度>10 mm,或严重成角(>90º)病变或时间超过3个月的完全性闭塞或狭窄段周围有许多新生血管丛。
c、路径分型:Ⅰ型路径,适度的弯曲,路径光滑;Ⅱ型路径,较严重的迂曲或路径的动脉壁不光滑;Ⅲ型路径,严重的迂曲。
, http://www.100md.com
推荐LMA的纪录方法包括两部分:第一部分在“/”之前,纪录狭窄部位并以“-”间隔,注明:开口部(Origin,O)或主干(Trunk,T)或分叉部(Bifurcation,B)病变;第二部分为LMA分型,在“/”之后,依次纪录部位分型、形态学分型、路径分型,以“,”间隔;所有纪录均采用英文字头缩写。比如:LM1-B / A,B,Ⅰ表示左侧(Left)大脑中动脉M1段分叉处狭窄,狭窄位于M1段分叉前、B型病变、Ⅰ型路径;LM1-T / N,A,Ⅱ表示左侧大脑中动脉M1段主干狭窄,非分叉处狭窄,A型病变,Ⅱ型路径;RM1-O / B,C,Ⅲ表示右侧M1开口部狭窄,属于颈内动脉分叉后狭窄,C型病变,Ⅲ型路径。
参考文献:
1、 Barr JD, Connors JJ, Sacks D, et al. Quality improvement guidelines for the performance of cervical carotid angioplasty and stent placement. Developed by a Collaborative Panel of the American Society of Interventional and Therapeutic Neuroradiology, the American Society of Neuroradiology, the Society of Interventional Radiology. J Vasc Interv Radiology 2003; 14: 1079-1093
, 百拇医药
2、 North American Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Trial Collaborators. Beneficial effect of carotid endarterectomy in symptomatic patient with high-grade carotid stenosis. N Engl J Med 1991; 325: 445-508
3、 Executive Committee for the Asymptomatic Carotid Atherosclerosis Study. Endarterectomy for asymptomatic carotid artery stenosis. JAMA 1995; 273: 1421-1428
4、 Wennberg DE, Lucas FL, Birkmeyer JD,et al. Varation in carotid endarterectomy mortality in the Medicare populating: trial hospital, volume, and patient characteristics, JAMA 1998; 279: 1278-1281
, 百拇医药
5、 Biller J, Feinberg WM, Castaldo JE, et al. Guidelines for carotid endarterectomy: a statement for Healthcare Professionals from a Special Writing Group of the Stroke Council, American Heart Association. Stroke 1998; 29: 554-562
6、 Hobson RW II, Weiss DG, Fields WS, et al. Efficacy of carotid endarterectomy for asymptomatic carotid stenosis. The Veterans Affairs Cooperative Study Group. N Engl J Med 1993; 328: 221-227
7、 Mayo Asymptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Study Group. Results of a randomized controlled trial of carotid endarterectomy for asymptomatic carotid stenosis. Mayo Clin Proc 1992; 67: 513-518
, 百拇医药
8、 Longstreth WT, Shemanski L, Lefkowitz D, et al. Asymptomatic carotid artery stenosis defined by ultrasound and the risk of subsequent stroke in the eldrly. The Cardiovascular Health Study. Stroke 1998; 29: 2371-2376
9、 Olin JW, Fonseca C, Childs MB, et al. The natural history of asymptomatic moderate internal carotid artery stenosis by duplex ultrasound. Vasc Med 1998; 3: 101-108
10、 Hennerici M, Hulsbomer HB, Hefter H, et al. Natural history of symptomatic extracranial arterial disease. Results of a long term prospective study. Brain 1987; 110(pt 3): 777-791
, http://www.100md.com
11、 Inzitari D, Eliasziw M, Gates P, et al. The cause and risk of stroke in patients with asymptomatic internal-carotid-artery stenosis. North American Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Trial Collaborators. N Engl J Med 2000; 342: 1693-1700
12、 Gebel JM, Brott TG, Howard VJ, et al. Brain injury as detected by computerized tomography in CT scan in ACAS(abstr). Stoke 2003; 34: 238
13、 Perry JR, Szalai JP, Norris JW. Consensus agaist both endarterectomy and routine screening for asymptomatic carotid artery stenosis. Canadian Stroke Consortium. Arch Neurol 1996; 54: 25-28
, 百拇医药
14、 Endovascular versus surgical treatment in patients with carotid stenosis in the Carotid and Vertebral Artery Transluminal Angioplasty Study (CAVATAS): a randomised trial. Lancet 2001; 357: 1729-1737
15、 Alberts MJ for the Publications Committee of the Wallstent Trial. Results of a multicenter prospevtive randomized trial of carotid artery stenting vs carotid endarterectomy (abstr). Stroke 2001; 32:325
16、 Books WH, McClure RR, Jones MR, et al. Carotid angioplasty and Stenting versus carotid endarterectomy: randomized trial in a community hospital. J Am Coll Cardiol 2001; 38: 1589-1595
, 百拇医药
17、 Kastrup A, Groschel K, Krapf H, et al. Early outcome of carotid angioplasty and stenting with and without cerebral protection devices: a systematic reviw of the literature. Stroke 2003; 34: 813-819
18、 Gomez CR, Orr SC. Angioplasty and stenting for primary treatment of intracranial arterial stenosis. Arch Neurol 2000 58: 1687-1690
19、 Wong KS, Huang YN, Gao S, et al. Intracranial stenosis in Chinese patients with acute stroke. Neurology 1998; 50: 812-813
, 百拇医药
20、 Chimowitz MI, Kokkinos J, Strong J, et al. The Warfarin-Aspirin Symptomatic Intracranial Disease (WASID) Study. Neurology 1995; 45: 1488-1493
21、 Benesch CG, Chimowitz MI. Best treatment for intracranial arterial stenosis?: 50 years of uncertainty. Neurology 2000; 55: 465-466
22、 姜卫剑,王拥军,杜彬等.症状性椎基底动脉狭窄的内支架成形术.介入放射学杂志 2002; 11: 247-250
23、 Malek AM, Higashida RT, Phatouros CC, et al. Treatment of posterior circulation ischemia with extracranial percutaneous balloon angioplasty and stent placement. Stroke 1999; 30: 2073-2085
, http://www.100md.com
24、 Chastain HD, Campbell MS, Iyer S, et al. Extracranial vertebral artery stent placement: in-hospital and follow-up results. J Neurosurg 1999; 91: 547-552
25、 姜卫剑,王拥军,杜彬等. 经皮血管内治疗症状性颅内脑动脉狭窄.介入放射学杂志 2002; 11: 243-246
26、 姜卫剑,杜彬,王拥军等. 症状性颅内动脉狭窄的造影分型与支架成形术. 中华内科杂志 2003; 42: 545-549
27、 Failure of extracranial-intracranial artery bypass to reduce the risk of ischemic stroke. Results of an international randomized trial. The EC/IC Bypass Study Group. N Engl J Med 1985; 313: 1191-1200
, 百拇医药
附表:指征、技术成功和并发症阈值
神经系统并发症 并发症阈值
无症状性病人(%) 症状性病人
小的短暂缺损 * *
大的短暂缺损 * *
小的可逆性卒中 3.5 6
大的可逆性卒中 2 3
小的永久性卒中 3 4.5
大的永久性卒中 2 3
死亡 0# 0#
, 百拇医药
指征 满足CAS的指征 95%
技术成功 90%
附表来自颈段颈动脉成形术和支架术质量提高指南[1]。将表中阈值与已报道的CEA并发症发生率进行比较是不合适的,可能会导致错误的结论即与较低的CEA并发症相比,可以接受CAS有较高的神经并发症:1、阈值不是用于描述合适的并发症发生率,它是高于预期并发症率,从而进行原因审查。2、阈值高于在并发症率方面高于CEA的NASCET和ACAS试验的并发症结果,但这些试验仅针对低危病人。而本阈值仅适用于高危病人。3、当CEA进行在类似高危人群时,本阈值与CEA有可比性。4、本阈值不适用于低危病人,在低危病人的CAS研究试验中,需要更低的阈值。5、神经并发症的定义(据此制定的阈值)与在许多报道中的定义不同,目前尚无统一的、标准的方法报告神经并发症,本指南中的定义希望能够广泛应用于脑血管病介入和外科。6、并发症阈值是术后30天的结果,而不是即刻结果。7、可逆性卒中的阈值的制定是基于预计可逆性缺损可能稍多于永久性缺损,这尚无合适的科学文献证实。*目前,没有足够的资料提示CAS的短暂性缺损阈值。应当收集和报道这些资料以进一步研究CAS,或许能够永久性卒中的发生率。当有合适的资料后,修改短暂性并发症的阈值。#所有的死亡应当进行审查。, 百拇医药(姜卫剑 王拥军 戴建平)