Deprivation and volunteering by general practices: cross sectional analysis of a national primary care system
1 General Practice and Primary Care, Division of Community Based Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 9LX,2 Health Economics Research Unit, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD
Introduction
Since the inception of the NHS, primary medical services in the United Kingdom have been mainly delivered by a large number of general practices operating as independent businesses. As well as providing general medical services, practices can participate in several voluntary activities associated with quality care and service development.
, 百拇医药
Methods and results
Our study population comprised 5.35 million people served by 1050 general practices and is a complete national sample of patients and practices.
We ranked general practice populations using a modified version of the Scottish Indices of Deprivation 2003,1 including currently available data for education, income, and employment, but excluding data for access and health. We used practice mean values to divide the population into 10 groups of equal size, from tenth 1 (least deprived) to tenth 10 (most deprived). We analysed the deprivation related distribution of population health indicators, practice characteristics, and participation in voluntary development schemes, using data for 2001-2 (table).
, 百拇医药
Characteristics of populations, medical manpower and general practices in tenths of the general population stratified by socioeconomic deprivation
By design, the composite deprivation index increases across tenths with the largest increase between tenths 9 and 10. All three measures of ill health show a significant positive trend and greater than 2.5-fold variation across tenths.
On average, populations of 530 000 people were served by 353 whole time equivalent general practitioner principals, with little variation between tenths. The total whole time equivalent of general practitioners, however, including non-principals and doctors in training, was 11% higher (437.1 v 392.0, P < 0.001) in tenths 1-5 (least deprived) compared with tenths 6-10 (most deprived).
, http://www.100md.com
On average, each tenth was served by 105 general practices, with larger numbers of practices in the most rural (tenth 2) and deprived (tenth 10) areas. This reflects the higher proportion of single handed and small practices in such areas. General practitioners' partnerships in deprived areas also have lower average ages and a higher proportion without a female general practitioner.
Variation between affluent and deprived areas is more than twofold (tenths 1-3 v 7-10, P < 0.001) in the proportion of practices involved in training general practitioners. Although younger general practitioners are more likely to work in deprived areas, it is less likely that they could have been trained there.
, http://www.100md.com
Potential markers of quality general practice, such as practice accreditation (see www.rcgp-scotland.org.uk/products/practice.asp), and enhanced data collection schemes, such as the Scottish Programme for Improving Clinical Effectiveness (SPICE, see www.ceppc.org/spice/index.shtml), were 80% (P < 0.001) and 90% (P < 0.001) more common, respectively, in the more affluent practices (tenths 1-3) than in the more deprived practices (tenths 7-10).
What is already known on this topic
, http://www.100md.com
The aim of the NHS is to provide comprehensive health care according to need
What this study adds
The provision and development of primary medical services varies inversely with need, particularly if promoted on a voluntary basis; the NHS needs to do more in promoting primary care for the population as a whole
Although the Personal Medical Services initiative was launched with the intention of improving clinical care in rural and deprived areas,2 participation was 2.2 times more common in affluent areas (P < 0.001).
, 百拇医药
Comment
Insofar as the leading edge of general practice may be characterised by participation in quality schemes, health service initiatives, and postgraduate training, these activities feature about twice as often in practices serving more affluent areas. Although there are training and pioneering practices in poor areas, they are exceptions to the general rule.
These activities are not centrally distributed but are taken up by practices that volunteer. Practices serving the most deprived areas are less likely to volunteer, possibly because they are so consumed by dealing with increased levels of morbidity, without increased levels of medical manpower, that they are unable or unwilling to take on additional activities.3
, 百拇医药
The patterns described in this paper are generally hidden from public view, as a result of the convention of reviewing healthcare services at the level of large administrative areas, with substantial social heterogeneity. A different focus is required to monitor the leading edges of primary care development.
Arguably, the greatest challenge facing any national health service aiming for the equitable delivery of high quality care is to develop the best examples of care and the most attractive professional career opportunities in populations where need is greatest.4 The NHS has much more to do in tackling this challenge.
, http://www.100md.com
We thank, for providing or facilitating access to the data, Rosalia Munoz-Arroyo, Jennifer Bishop, Chris Povey, Matthew Armstrong, Craig Dougan, Mag Conway, James McNally, and Bill Gold at ISDScotland; Malcolm Campbell and Cath Macdonald at the Royal College of General Practitioners, Scotland; and Alasdair Coutts at the Primary Care Clinical Informatics Unit, University of Aberdeen.
Contributors: DM, MS, and GW jointly contributed to the design and interpretation of the study and the writing of the paper. DM and MS collated the data, and DM undertook the analysis. GW wrote the final version of the paper with contributions from DM and MS. GW is guarantor.
, 百拇医药
Funding: DM and MS were funded by the Platform Project when the majority of this work was undertaken. The Platform Project is a collaborative venture between the Universities of Aberdeen, Dundee, Edinburgh, and Glasgow, with ISDScotland and the Royal College of General Practitioners. It was jointly funded by the Chief Scientist Office (RDG HR01012) and the Scottish Higher Education Funding Council (OOB/3/67). Competing interests: None declared.
Ethical approval: Not needed.
, 百拇医药
References
Noble M, Smith G, Wright G, Dibben C, Lloyd M, Ratcliffe A, McLellan D, Sigala M, Anttila C. Scottish indices of deprivation 2003. Edinburgh: Scottish Executive, 2003.
McKeon AJ. Personal medical services pilots under the NHS (Primary Care) Act 1997: a comprehensive guide, 1997. London: Department of Health, 1997.
Watt G. The inverse care law today. Lancet 2002;360: 252-4.
Scottish Executive. Our national health: a plan for action, a plan for change. Edinburgh: Scottish Executive Health Department, 2000., 百拇医药(Daniel Mackay, Matt Sutto)
Introduction
Since the inception of the NHS, primary medical services in the United Kingdom have been mainly delivered by a large number of general practices operating as independent businesses. As well as providing general medical services, practices can participate in several voluntary activities associated with quality care and service development.
, 百拇医药
Methods and results
Our study population comprised 5.35 million people served by 1050 general practices and is a complete national sample of patients and practices.
We ranked general practice populations using a modified version of the Scottish Indices of Deprivation 2003,1 including currently available data for education, income, and employment, but excluding data for access and health. We used practice mean values to divide the population into 10 groups of equal size, from tenth 1 (least deprived) to tenth 10 (most deprived). We analysed the deprivation related distribution of population health indicators, practice characteristics, and participation in voluntary development schemes, using data for 2001-2 (table).
, 百拇医药
Characteristics of populations, medical manpower and general practices in tenths of the general population stratified by socioeconomic deprivation
By design, the composite deprivation index increases across tenths with the largest increase between tenths 9 and 10. All three measures of ill health show a significant positive trend and greater than 2.5-fold variation across tenths.
On average, populations of 530 000 people were served by 353 whole time equivalent general practitioner principals, with little variation between tenths. The total whole time equivalent of general practitioners, however, including non-principals and doctors in training, was 11% higher (437.1 v 392.0, P < 0.001) in tenths 1-5 (least deprived) compared with tenths 6-10 (most deprived).
, http://www.100md.com
On average, each tenth was served by 105 general practices, with larger numbers of practices in the most rural (tenth 2) and deprived (tenth 10) areas. This reflects the higher proportion of single handed and small practices in such areas. General practitioners' partnerships in deprived areas also have lower average ages and a higher proportion without a female general practitioner.
Variation between affluent and deprived areas is more than twofold (tenths 1-3 v 7-10, P < 0.001) in the proportion of practices involved in training general practitioners. Although younger general practitioners are more likely to work in deprived areas, it is less likely that they could have been trained there.
, http://www.100md.com
Potential markers of quality general practice, such as practice accreditation (see www.rcgp-scotland.org.uk/products/practice.asp), and enhanced data collection schemes, such as the Scottish Programme for Improving Clinical Effectiveness (SPICE, see www.ceppc.org/spice/index.shtml), were 80% (P < 0.001) and 90% (P < 0.001) more common, respectively, in the more affluent practices (tenths 1-3) than in the more deprived practices (tenths 7-10).
What is already known on this topic
, http://www.100md.com
The aim of the NHS is to provide comprehensive health care according to need
What this study adds
The provision and development of primary medical services varies inversely with need, particularly if promoted on a voluntary basis; the NHS needs to do more in promoting primary care for the population as a whole
Although the Personal Medical Services initiative was launched with the intention of improving clinical care in rural and deprived areas,2 participation was 2.2 times more common in affluent areas (P < 0.001).
, 百拇医药
Comment
Insofar as the leading edge of general practice may be characterised by participation in quality schemes, health service initiatives, and postgraduate training, these activities feature about twice as often in practices serving more affluent areas. Although there are training and pioneering practices in poor areas, they are exceptions to the general rule.
These activities are not centrally distributed but are taken up by practices that volunteer. Practices serving the most deprived areas are less likely to volunteer, possibly because they are so consumed by dealing with increased levels of morbidity, without increased levels of medical manpower, that they are unable or unwilling to take on additional activities.3
, 百拇医药
The patterns described in this paper are generally hidden from public view, as a result of the convention of reviewing healthcare services at the level of large administrative areas, with substantial social heterogeneity. A different focus is required to monitor the leading edges of primary care development.
Arguably, the greatest challenge facing any national health service aiming for the equitable delivery of high quality care is to develop the best examples of care and the most attractive professional career opportunities in populations where need is greatest.4 The NHS has much more to do in tackling this challenge.
, http://www.100md.com
We thank, for providing or facilitating access to the data, Rosalia Munoz-Arroyo, Jennifer Bishop, Chris Povey, Matthew Armstrong, Craig Dougan, Mag Conway, James McNally, and Bill Gold at ISDScotland; Malcolm Campbell and Cath Macdonald at the Royal College of General Practitioners, Scotland; and Alasdair Coutts at the Primary Care Clinical Informatics Unit, University of Aberdeen.
Contributors: DM, MS, and GW jointly contributed to the design and interpretation of the study and the writing of the paper. DM and MS collated the data, and DM undertook the analysis. GW wrote the final version of the paper with contributions from DM and MS. GW is guarantor.
, 百拇医药
Funding: DM and MS were funded by the Platform Project when the majority of this work was undertaken. The Platform Project is a collaborative venture between the Universities of Aberdeen, Dundee, Edinburgh, and Glasgow, with ISDScotland and the Royal College of General Practitioners. It was jointly funded by the Chief Scientist Office (RDG HR01012) and the Scottish Higher Education Funding Council (OOB/3/67). Competing interests: None declared.
Ethical approval: Not needed.
, 百拇医药
References
Noble M, Smith G, Wright G, Dibben C, Lloyd M, Ratcliffe A, McLellan D, Sigala M, Anttila C. Scottish indices of deprivation 2003. Edinburgh: Scottish Executive, 2003.
McKeon AJ. Personal medical services pilots under the NHS (Primary Care) Act 1997: a comprehensive guide, 1997. London: Department of Health, 1997.
Watt G. The inverse care law today. Lancet 2002;360: 252-4.
Scottish Executive. Our national health: a plan for action, a plan for change. Edinburgh: Scottish Executive Health Department, 2000., 百拇医药(Daniel Mackay, Matt Sutto)