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直接冠状动脉内支架治疗急性心肌梗塞
http://www.100md.com 《中国循环杂志》 1999年第0期
     作者:吴建国 赵茹 田青平 路雅茹

    单位:300051 天津市,天津胸科医院 心内科

    关键词:直接冠状动脉内支架术;急性心肌梗塞

    中国循环杂志99zk08 摘要

    目的:探讨直接冠状动脉内支架术治疗急性心肌梗塞(AMI)的疗效。

    方法:对90例AMI置入冠状动脉内支架的连续观察病例进行分析。

    结果:90例AMI患者中,梗塞相关血管为前降支54例,左回旋支12例(6例合并前降支,4例合并右冠状动脉),右冠状动脉24例(5例合并前降支)。共置入9种支架合计102个。术后残余狭窄程度由术前99%~100%降至术后10%~-5%(P<0.001)。手术成功100%,院内死亡1例。随访1~12个月,2例发生心功能不全,其余病例无心脏事件发生。
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    结论:在所选择的患者中,直接冠状动脉内支架治疗是有效的,早期效果好而且可降低再梗塞发生率,并明显减少再次的靶血管血运重建。

    Primary Intracoronary Stenting in Acute Myocardial Infaction

    Department of Cardiology, Tianjin Chest Hospital, Tianjin (300051)

    Wu Jianguo, Zhao Ru, Tian Qingping, et al.

    Abstract

    Objective: To evaluate the efficiency of primary intracoronary stenting in acute myocardial infaction (AMI) patients.
, 百拇医药
    Methods: Ninety patients undergone successful intracoronary stenting and were analyzed.

    Results: Among these patients, there were 68 males and 22 females, aged 48 to 81 years with an average of 59.22. The cardiac function was Killip′s Ⅰ-Ⅱ in 70 patients, Ⅲ in 8, and Ⅳ in 12 prior to the procedure. Infact-related arteries (IRA) were LAD in 54 patients, LCX in 12 (LCX+LAD in 6, LCX+RCA in 4) and RCA in 24. One hundred and two stents of 8 kinds were implanted. Residual stenosis decreased from 99%~100% to 10%~-5% (p<0.001). Success rate of the procedure was 100%. One patient died in hospital. Two patients had cardiac failure and no cardiac accident was found in the other patients in a follow-up of 1~12 months.
, 百拇医药
    Conclusion: Primary intracoronary stenting is an efficient therapeutic procedure which can reduce the occurrence of AMI and revascularization of the IRA.

    Key words Primary intracoronary stent; Acute myocardial infaction

    最近国内外研究证实,急性心肌梗塞(AMI)的直接经皮冠状动脉腔内成形术(PTCA)与静脉溶栓相比,可明显降低死亡率、再梗塞率和出血性卒中的发生率,具有较好的远期预后。然而这些患者,在成功的直接PTCA后,再缺血及梗塞相关血管早期再闭塞率仍达10%~15%,至少20%的患者由于6个月内再狭窄而需要再次的靶血管血运重建[1,2]。近年来冠状动脉内支架的临床应用,有效地防止了急性冠状动脉事件的发生,降低了再狭窄的发生率[3,4]。本文报道90例AMI患者应用冠状动脉内支架的临床经过及随访结果。
, 百拇医药
    1 材料和方法

    研究对象:1997年6月至1999年5月,共有90例AMI患者接受直接冠状动脉内支架治疗。男68例,女22例,年龄48~81岁,平均年龄59.22岁,男∶女为3.09∶1。11例有陈旧性心肌梗塞病史。典型胸痛发生后6小时之内,或6~24小时之间症状持续存在且有进行性缺血加重证据,心电图表现为心肌梗塞前壁46例,广泛前壁8例,广泛前壁高侧壁6例,下壁28例(6例合并右心室梗塞),2例非Q波梗塞。入院时心功能Killip’s分级Ⅰ~Ⅱ级70例,Ⅲ级8例,Ⅳ级12例。

    方法:按常规操作完成冠状动脉造影(CAG)和PTCA及置入支架。58处病变为原发支架(primary stenting),32处为直接PTCA并发夹层或急性闭塞时置入(bail-out stenting)。PTCA术前、术后即刻及支架置入后均做冠状动脉造影,采用定量血管造影分析(QCA)法计算血管直径狭窄百分数来判定狭窄程度。置入支架成功指征:心肌梗塞溶栓治疗临床试验(TIMI)血流3级,无主要并发症。术后常规应用静脉肝素1 mg/(kg.h)24~48小时。监测ACT至治疗水平(250~350秒),噻氯匹定(抵克力得)250 mg,每日2次,半个月后改为250 mg/d,共服用1个月,阿司匹林300 mg/d至术后6个月。
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    2 结果

    90例患者中,单支病变28例,双支病变45例,三支病变17例。PTCA前梗塞相关血管TIMI血流0或1级82例,TIMI血流1~2级8例。90例患者共置入102个支架,置入成功率100%,接受支架置入的血管为前降支54例(LAD,60支),左回旋支12例(LCX,15支),右冠状动脉24例(RCA,27支)。支架类型:Iris 7个,Nir-stent 13个,Wiktor-Ⅰ 4个,Wall-stent 2个,Spireface 12个,MAC 34个,Crossflex 24个,Minicrown 4个,AVE 2个。支架直径2.75~4.00 mm。

    冠状动脉内支架置入的指征:58例为primary stenting,32例为Bail-out stenting(其中12例出现闭塞性夹层,20例出现非闭塞性夹层)。置入支架后血管平均直径狭窄程度由术前99%~100%降至术后10%~-5%(P<0.001)。90例患者中,27例心源性休克(8例有陈旧性心肌梗塞史),术前BP<90 mmHg(1 mmHg=0.133 kPa),心率>100次/分,Killip’s Ⅳ级。PTCA前梗塞相关血管血流呈完全闭塞(TIMI 0级),成功PTCA并置入支架,6例为提高生存完成了非梗塞支的血运重建,除1例回病房后出现心源性休克不可逆转继发心室颤动抢救无效死亡外,其余26例TIMI血流均达3级,无并发症,顺利恢复。89例患者平均随访1~12个月,2例发生心功能不全,其余病例无心脏事件发生。
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    3 讨论

    目前急性心肌梗塞的直接PTCA治疗已经在很多医疗中心应用。我们介入中心在完成200例择期PTCA及支架置入术的基础上,进行了急性心肌梗塞直接冠状动脉内支架治疗。与静脉溶栓相比,直接PTCA可迅速恢复前向冠状动脉血流,其成功率高达85%~95%,减轻管腔残余狭窄,明显减少死亡率、再梗塞率、脑卒中[5,6]。尽管如此,PTCA术后发生的急性血管闭塞是一严重并发症,需急症冠状动脉旁路移植手术。且6个月的再狭窄率高达30%~50%。冠状动脉内支架的置入可明显减少急性血管闭塞和再狭窄的发生率。多项研究结果表明,AMI时应用冠状动脉内支架安全、有效,较直接PTCA更能降低心脏事件发生率、再梗塞率及早期或晚期的再缺血事件,缩短住院时间[7,8]。置入支架后可覆盖内膜撕裂和夹层,恢复血管内膜的完整性,减少血管弹性回缩及后期的血管重塑,保持血流通畅,不利于血栓形成,降低再狭窄率。特别是B型、C型病变长而迂曲、偏心,PTCA后易导致内膜严重撕裂,急性闭塞发生率高。置入支架可增加手术的安全性,达到满意的临床效果。
, 百拇医药
    本组患者中,27例心源性休克患者成功置入支架后,除1例术后2天因心源性休克,继发心室颤动而死亡外,其余26例置入支架后TIMI血流均达3级,无并发症。其中6例为提高生存进行了非梗塞支的血运重建,临床观察取得良好抗休克效果。研究表明,直接PTCA可明显降低AMI并发心源性休克的病死率。AMI并发心源性休克时内科治疗的病死率高达80%~90%,静脉溶栓治疗不能显著降低病死率。据GISSI研究Killip's Ⅳ级患者给予链激酶溶栓治疗病死率仍高达70%,直接PTCA可使病死率降至50%以下。直接PTCA由于再通率高,残存狭窄轻,左心室射血分数较高,可明显降低病死率,特别是对高危患者:年龄≥70岁,既往有梗塞史,BP<100 mmHg,心率>100次/分,Killip′s Ⅳ级,其降低病死率的作用更为显著。最近一项前瞻性随机研究结果显示[9]:AMI患者冠状动脉内支架和直接PTCA随机试验,6个月无心脏事件发生率分别为95%和80%(P<0.002),再梗塞率分别为1%和7%(P<0.04)和再次靶血管血运重建率分别为4%和17%(P<0.002)。提示了冠状动脉内支架在AMI患者治疗中的重要价值。本组病例相对较少,有待积累更多的病例,以作出更客观的评价。
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    4 参考文献

    1 De Boer MJ, Suryapranata H, Hoorntje JCA, et al. Limitation of infarct size and preservation of left ventricular function after primary coronary angioplasty compared with intravenous streptokinase in acute myocardial infarction. Circulation, 1994,90:753—761.

    2 Grines CL, Browne KF, Marco J, et al. A comparison of immediate angioplasty with thrombolytic therapy for acute myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med, 1993,328:673—679.
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    3 Fischman DL, Leon MD, Baim D, et al. A randomized comparison of coronary stent placement and balloon angioplasty in the treatment of coronary artery disease. N Engl J Med, 1994,331:496—501.

    4 Serruys PW, de Jaegere P, Kiemeneij F, et al. A comparison of balloon expandable stent implantation with balloon angioplasty in patients with coronary artery disease. N Engl J Med, 1994,331:489—495.

    5 Weaver WD, Simes RJ, Ellis SG, et al. Comparison of primary coronary angioplasty and intravenous thrombolytic therapy for acute myocardial infarction: a quantitative review. JAMA, 1997,228:2093—2098.
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    6 Stone GW, Grines CL, Rothbaum D, et al. Analysis of the relative costs and effectiveness of primary angioplasty versus tissue-type plasminogen activator: the primary angioplasty in myocardial infarction (PAMI) Trial. J Am Coll Cardiol, 1997,29:901—907.

    7 Stone GW, Brodie BR, Griffin JJ, et al. A prospective multicenter study of the safety and feasibility of primary stenting in acute myocardial infarction: in-hospital and 30 day results of the PAMI Stent Pilot Trial. J Am Coll Cardiol, 1998,31:23—30.
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    8 Stone GW, Brodie BR, Griffin JJ, et al. Improved short-term outcomes of primary stenting compared to primary angioplasty in acute myocardial infarction: the PAMI stent pilot trial. Circulation, 1997,96(Suppl Ⅰ):Ⅰ-594.

    9 Suryapranata H, van′t Hof AMJ, Hoorntje JCA, et al. Randomized comparison of coronary stenting with balloon angioplasty in selected patients with acute myocardial infarction. Circulation, 1998,97:2502—2505.

    (收稿:1999-05-04), http://www.100md.com