胸膜外脂肪增厚在诊断中的意义
作者:赵伟峰,潘纪戌,刘甫庚
单位:100730 北京,卫生部北京医院放射科
关键词:胸膜;脂肪组织;体层摄影术;X线计算机
中华放射学杂志990114 【摘要】 目的 了解胸膜外脂肪(EPF)在判断病变性质上的意义。方法 166例有胸膜和(或)邻近肺部病变患者作了CT扫描,对见到EPF者记录其厚度,测量CT值,同时测量其前胸壁下皮下脂肪CT值加以比较。此外,取50例正常人胸部CT观察EPF情况作为对照组。结果 正常组中28例(56%)可见EPF,厚1~2mm。病例组中106例(63.9%)可见EPF,其中18例(17%)厚度<2mm,其余88例(83%)厚度>2mm,平均厚5.6mm,平均CT值-90.3HU,前胸壁皮下脂肪CT值-116.8HU(t=8.91,P<0.01)。EPF增厚者见于放射性肺损伤、脓胸、慢性肺结核、胸膜肥厚钙化、钙化结核瘤及肺纤维化中。未见EPF或不增厚者见于癌性胸水、漏出性胸水、肺癌、胸膜肥厚、胸膜转移瘤、结核性胸水、急性肺炎、胸膜纤维瘤。结论 EPF增厚及其CT值增高,多见于慢性炎症性、结核性胸膜或(和)肺部病变,对鉴别胸膜或(和)邻近肺部病变性质有帮助。
, 百拇医药
The diagnostic significance of thickening of extrapleural fat ZHAO Weifeng, PAN Jixu, LIU Fugeng. Department of Radiology, Beijing Hospital, Beijing 100730
【Abstract】 Objective To determine the role of thickening of extrapleural fat(EPF) in the diagnosis of pleural and/or parapleural lung disease. Methods 166 patients with pleural and/or parapleural lung disease were studied by CT.Any EPF demonstrated would be near the diseased area, its thickness, and CT number were measured and compared with the CT number of the subcutaneous fat. The anterior thoracic wall of 50 normal subjects were also observed for the normal EPF appearances. Results In normal group 28(56%) cases showed EPF, its thickness being 1-2mm. In patient group 106(63.9%) cases showed EPF, among these 88 cases showed the thickness of EPF >2mm. The mean thickness of the thickened EPF was 5.6mm. Its mean CT number was -90.3HU. Higher than that of the subcutaneous fat, the latter's mean CT number was -116.8HU. In this group, the causative disease included radiation lung injury, empyema, chronic lung tuberculosis, thickened and calcified pleura, calcified tuberculoma and lung fibrosis. In the remaining 18 cases , the thickness of EPF was less than 2mm. No EPF was demonstrated in the other 60 patients. In the latter group the disease included carcinomatous effusion, pleural transudates, peripheral lung caner, thickened pleura, pleural metastasis, tubercolous pleural effusion, acute pneumonia and pleural fibroma. Conclusions The thickening of EPF was mostly seen in chronic inflammatory and tubercolous diseases. This sign was helpful in differential diagnosis of pleural and/or parapleural lung disease.
, 百拇医药
【Key words】 Pleura Adipose tissue Tomography, X-ray computed
在胸部CT扫描时常可见到胸壁上的胸膜外脂肪(extrapleural fat,简称EPF),若见其位置内移,有助于胸壁或肺内病变的鉴别,被称为胸膜外脂肪征[1]。笔者在日常工作中发现EPF的增厚及其CT衰减值增加也有助于胸膜或(和)其邻近肺部病变性质的鉴别。有关这方面的报道尚不多见,兹复习文献,并将笔者对一组病例的观察结果报告如下。
材料与方法
1.按CT序号连续观察有胸膜或(和)邻近肺内病变的病例共166例。其中男124例,女42例。平均年龄(58.2±11.3)岁,每例均有手术、病理、检验或明确的临床依据可作出最后疾病诊断。每例除有层厚10 mm,间距10 mm的常规胸部CT扫描外,在局部病变处加做层厚1.0~1.5 mm高分辨率CT(HRCT)。若见到有EPF,测量其最大厚度,对42例增厚较显著者测量了其CT值,同时测量了该例前胸壁皮下脂肪的CT值加以比较。所用CT机为GE 9800(Quick)或岛津7000 TX。
, 百拇医药
2.取50例正常成人胸部CT像作为对照组,其中男31例,女19例,平均年龄(57.5±9.3)岁。除作常规CT扫描外,在主动脉弓上方、气管隆突、肺静脉及膈上1 cm处加做4层HRCT。
结果
1.正常组50例中,28例(56.0%)在右或(和)左侧第4至第8肋后外侧内面可见到呈细线状的脂肪密度影,厚1~2 mm,未见有大于3 mm者,常规CT和HRCT上的检出率一致。
图1 右侧脓胸,胸膜外脂肪厚14 mm(箭头),CT值-94 HU,前胸壁皮下脂肪CT值-115 HU 图2 右肺上部陈旧性结核灶,附近胸膜外脂肪厚4 mm(箭头),CT值-98 HU,前胸壁皮下脂肪CT值-126 HU 图3 右侧胸膜肥厚钙化,附近胸膜外脂肪厚9 mm(箭头),CT值-85.8 HU,前胸壁皮下脂肪CT值-123.6 HU 图4 右下叶背段钙化结核瘤,附近见胸膜外脂肪厚8 mm(箭头) 图5 右下叶后基底段低分化腺癌,可见胸膜皱缩征,其外侧的胸膜外脂肪未增厚(箭头), 同时可见肝内有多发转移灶 图6 右侧胸膜肥厚钙化,胸膜外脂肪厚9 mm(箭头),后部可见3.5 cm×4.9 cm肿块,病理证 实为恶性间皮瘤,其外侧的胸膜外脂肪消失(↑)
, 百拇医药
2.病例组166例中,106例(63.9%)可见到EPF,60例(36.1%)未见到EPF。在见到EPF者中18例(17.0%)的厚度<2 mm,与正常组不能区别。其余88例(83.0%)平均厚度为5.6 mm(范围3~25mm),增厚的EPF位于病变附近,大多沿胸壁排列呈不规则条状,边缘不整齐。经测量42例增厚EPF的CT值为-42~-112 HU,平均(-90.3±17.0)HU, 他们的前胸壁皮下脂肪的CT值为-105.6~-126.0 HU,平均(-116.8±7.9)HU, 前者较后者显著增高(t=8.91,P<0.01)。
3.EPF增厚者88例,分别见于6个病种,排列如下:⑴放射性肺损伤(26例,29.5%);⑵脓胸(23例,26.1%)(图1);⑶慢性肺结核(15例,17.0%)(图2);⑷胸膜肥厚、钙化(12例,13.6%)(图3);⑸钙化结核瘤(8例,9.1%)(图4);⑹肺纤维化(4例,4.5%)。EPF≤2mm 18例及未见到EPF者60例,分别见于8个病种:⑴癌性胸水(18例,23.1%);⑵漏出性胸水(14例,17.9%);⑶肺癌(12例,15.4%)(图5);⑷胸膜增厚(9例,11.5%);⑸胸膜转移瘤(8例,10.2%);⑹结核性胸水(8例,10.2%);⑺急性肺炎(7例,9.0%);(8)胸膜纤维瘤(2例,2.6%)。讨论
, 百拇医药
1.在尸检中EPF平均约厚0.25 mm[2],在侧胸壁和外后胸壁处较易发现。虽然EPF在常规CT上也可见到,但在HRCT上更清楚。本研究正常组中56.0%可在CT上见到EPF,其厚度均<2 mm。
2.文献报道中EPF的增厚曾见于胸膜或肺部炎症、结核、支气管扩张所致肺内瘢痕形成、胸膜肥厚、胸膜斑、圆形肺不张、石棉肺、复杂型尘肺、肺炎旁胸水等疾病中。Waite等[3]报道35例脓胸,60% EPF厚度≥3 mm,其中29%厚度≥5 mm;而在30例恶性胸水和20例漏出性胸水中EPF增厚者仅各为10%和5%,且无一例厚度≥5 mm者 。Aquino等[4]报道,在36例渗出性胸水伴壁层胸膜肥厚(其中8例为脓胸,8例为肺炎旁胸水)者中20例(56%)有EPF增厚,12例厚达4 mm以上,而在23例无壁层胸膜肥厚的渗出性胸水、27例漏出性胸水者均仅各有1例EPF增厚,在23例恶性渗出性胸水者中也仅3例(13%)有EPF增厚。Im等[5]在18例胸片上见到,至少厚1 cm肺尖帽的上叶肺结核于HRCT上都在结核灶旁见到有3~25 mm厚的EPF。Marchbank等[6]则报道,在14例圆形肺不张的CT和超声中都见到病变附近有局部胸膜增厚及EPF增厚,后者的厚度为3~12 mm。
, 百拇医药
3.根据本研究42例有增厚的EPF CT衰减值的测量结果,它们的CT值均较其前胸壁皮下脂肪的CT值为高,平均增高26.5 HU。Takasugi等[7]在18例脓胸中发现有13例的EPF CT值增高,平均增高达88.3 HU,甚至可因此而将增厚的EPF误认为是胸水。在Waite等[3]发现35例脓胸中11例(31%)EPF的CT值增高,可达介于脂肪和软组织之间的CT值,而在30例恶性胸水中则仅1例(3%)达到上述的CT值。一般认为CT衰减值的增高是由于水肿、淋巴管扩张和炎症细胞或肉芽组织对胸膜和胸膜外结构浸润的结果[7]。
4.笔者所见与文献报道大致相似,即在炎症性、结核性胸膜或(和)肺部病变,特别是病程长合并有胸膜肥厚、钙化者中容易出现EPF增厚。此外,本组在26例放射性肺损伤和4例肺纤维化中也见到有EPF增厚,而这在以往的文献中未见报道过。漏出性胸水、胸膜或肺恶性疾病等中则很少引起EPF增厚。Ratto等[8]认为邻近胸壁的肺癌若累及胸壁时最有意义的CT表现为EPF线消失,而未见有EPF增厚者。近日,笔者见到1例未包括在本组中的经病理证实的发生在胸膜肥厚基础上的恶性间皮瘤,肥厚的胸膜外可见EPF增厚,而在间皮瘤处则仅见肿瘤突向胸壁而未见到EPF(图6),也与此相符。此外,在本研究中也可见到在急性肺炎及无胸膜增厚的结核性胸水中也有EPF不增厚者。综上所述,EPF的增厚多见于慢性特异性或非特异性炎症,故当对胸膜或胸膜邻近的肺部病变进行鉴别诊断时,仔细观察EPF有无增厚是有帮助的。
, 百拇医药
参考文献
[1] Hammerman AM, Susman N, Strzembosz A, et al. The extrapleural fat sign: CT characteristics. J Comput Assist Tomogr, 1990,14:345-347.
[2] Im JG, Webb WR,Rosen A, et al.Costal pleural: appearances at high-resolution CT.Radiology,1989,171:125-131.
[3] Waite RJ, Carbonneau RJ, Balikian JP, et al.Parietal pleural changes in empyema:appearances at CT. Radiology,1990,175:145-150.
, 百拇医药
[4] Aquino SL, Well WR, Gushiken BJ. Pleural exudates and transudates: diagnosis with contrast-enhanced CT. Radiology,1994,192:803-808.
[5] Im JG, Webb WR, Han MC, et al. Apical opacity associated with pulmonary tuberculosis: high-resolutions CT findings.Radiology,1991,178:727-731.
[6] Marchbank ND, Wilson AG, Joseph AE. Ultrasound features of folded lung. Clin Radiol,1996,51:433-437.
[7] Takasugi JE, Godwin JD, Teefey SA. The extrapleural fat in empyema: CT appearance. Br J Radiol,1991,64:580-583.
[8] Ratto GB, Piacenza G, Frola C, et al.Chest wall involvement by lung cancer: computed tomographic detection and results of operation. Ann Thorac Surg,1991,51:182-188.
(收稿:1998-04-29 修回:1998-09-14), 百拇医药
单位:100730 北京,卫生部北京医院放射科
关键词:胸膜;脂肪组织;体层摄影术;X线计算机
中华放射学杂志990114 【摘要】 目的 了解胸膜外脂肪(EPF)在判断病变性质上的意义。方法 166例有胸膜和(或)邻近肺部病变患者作了CT扫描,对见到EPF者记录其厚度,测量CT值,同时测量其前胸壁下皮下脂肪CT值加以比较。此外,取50例正常人胸部CT观察EPF情况作为对照组。结果 正常组中28例(56%)可见EPF,厚1~2mm。病例组中106例(63.9%)可见EPF,其中18例(17%)厚度<2mm,其余88例(83%)厚度>2mm,平均厚5.6mm,平均CT值-90.3HU,前胸壁皮下脂肪CT值-116.8HU(t=8.91,P<0.01)。EPF增厚者见于放射性肺损伤、脓胸、慢性肺结核、胸膜肥厚钙化、钙化结核瘤及肺纤维化中。未见EPF或不增厚者见于癌性胸水、漏出性胸水、肺癌、胸膜肥厚、胸膜转移瘤、结核性胸水、急性肺炎、胸膜纤维瘤。结论 EPF增厚及其CT值增高,多见于慢性炎症性、结核性胸膜或(和)肺部病变,对鉴别胸膜或(和)邻近肺部病变性质有帮助。
, 百拇医药
The diagnostic significance of thickening of extrapleural fat ZHAO Weifeng, PAN Jixu, LIU Fugeng. Department of Radiology, Beijing Hospital, Beijing 100730
【Abstract】 Objective To determine the role of thickening of extrapleural fat(EPF) in the diagnosis of pleural and/or parapleural lung disease. Methods 166 patients with pleural and/or parapleural lung disease were studied by CT.Any EPF demonstrated would be near the diseased area, its thickness, and CT number were measured and compared with the CT number of the subcutaneous fat. The anterior thoracic wall of 50 normal subjects were also observed for the normal EPF appearances. Results In normal group 28(56%) cases showed EPF, its thickness being 1-2mm. In patient group 106(63.9%) cases showed EPF, among these 88 cases showed the thickness of EPF >2mm. The mean thickness of the thickened EPF was 5.6mm. Its mean CT number was -90.3HU. Higher than that of the subcutaneous fat, the latter's mean CT number was -116.8HU. In this group, the causative disease included radiation lung injury, empyema, chronic lung tuberculosis, thickened and calcified pleura, calcified tuberculoma and lung fibrosis. In the remaining 18 cases , the thickness of EPF was less than 2mm. No EPF was demonstrated in the other 60 patients. In the latter group the disease included carcinomatous effusion, pleural transudates, peripheral lung caner, thickened pleura, pleural metastasis, tubercolous pleural effusion, acute pneumonia and pleural fibroma. Conclusions The thickening of EPF was mostly seen in chronic inflammatory and tubercolous diseases. This sign was helpful in differential diagnosis of pleural and/or parapleural lung disease.
, 百拇医药
【Key words】 Pleura Adipose tissue Tomography, X-ray computed
在胸部CT扫描时常可见到胸壁上的胸膜外脂肪(extrapleural fat,简称EPF),若见其位置内移,有助于胸壁或肺内病变的鉴别,被称为胸膜外脂肪征[1]。笔者在日常工作中发现EPF的增厚及其CT衰减值增加也有助于胸膜或(和)其邻近肺部病变性质的鉴别。有关这方面的报道尚不多见,兹复习文献,并将笔者对一组病例的观察结果报告如下。
材料与方法
1.按CT序号连续观察有胸膜或(和)邻近肺内病变的病例共166例。其中男124例,女42例。平均年龄(58.2±11.3)岁,每例均有手术、病理、检验或明确的临床依据可作出最后疾病诊断。每例除有层厚10 mm,间距10 mm的常规胸部CT扫描外,在局部病变处加做层厚1.0~1.5 mm高分辨率CT(HRCT)。若见到有EPF,测量其最大厚度,对42例增厚较显著者测量了其CT值,同时测量了该例前胸壁皮下脂肪的CT值加以比较。所用CT机为GE 9800(Quick)或岛津7000 TX。
, 百拇医药
2.取50例正常成人胸部CT像作为对照组,其中男31例,女19例,平均年龄(57.5±9.3)岁。除作常规CT扫描外,在主动脉弓上方、气管隆突、肺静脉及膈上1 cm处加做4层HRCT。
结果
1.正常组50例中,28例(56.0%)在右或(和)左侧第4至第8肋后外侧内面可见到呈细线状的脂肪密度影,厚1~2 mm,未见有大于3 mm者,常规CT和HRCT上的检出率一致。
图1 右侧脓胸,胸膜外脂肪厚14 mm(箭头),CT值-94 HU,前胸壁皮下脂肪CT值-115 HU 图2 右肺上部陈旧性结核灶,附近胸膜外脂肪厚4 mm(箭头),CT值-98 HU,前胸壁皮下脂肪CT值-126 HU 图3 右侧胸膜肥厚钙化,附近胸膜外脂肪厚9 mm(箭头),CT值-85.8 HU,前胸壁皮下脂肪CT值-123.6 HU 图4 右下叶背段钙化结核瘤,附近见胸膜外脂肪厚8 mm(箭头) 图5 右下叶后基底段低分化腺癌,可见胸膜皱缩征,其外侧的胸膜外脂肪未增厚(箭头), 同时可见肝内有多发转移灶 图6 右侧胸膜肥厚钙化,胸膜外脂肪厚9 mm(箭头),后部可见3.5 cm×4.9 cm肿块,病理证 实为恶性间皮瘤,其外侧的胸膜外脂肪消失(↑)
, 百拇医药
2.病例组166例中,106例(63.9%)可见到EPF,60例(36.1%)未见到EPF。在见到EPF者中18例(17.0%)的厚度<2 mm,与正常组不能区别。其余88例(83.0%)平均厚度为5.6 mm(范围3~25mm),增厚的EPF位于病变附近,大多沿胸壁排列呈不规则条状,边缘不整齐。经测量42例增厚EPF的CT值为-42~-112 HU,平均(-90.3±17.0)HU, 他们的前胸壁皮下脂肪的CT值为-105.6~-126.0 HU,平均(-116.8±7.9)HU, 前者较后者显著增高(t=8.91,P<0.01)。
3.EPF增厚者88例,分别见于6个病种,排列如下:⑴放射性肺损伤(26例,29.5%);⑵脓胸(23例,26.1%)(图1);⑶慢性肺结核(15例,17.0%)(图2);⑷胸膜肥厚、钙化(12例,13.6%)(图3);⑸钙化结核瘤(8例,9.1%)(图4);⑹肺纤维化(4例,4.5%)。EPF≤2mm 18例及未见到EPF者60例,分别见于8个病种:⑴癌性胸水(18例,23.1%);⑵漏出性胸水(14例,17.9%);⑶肺癌(12例,15.4%)(图5);⑷胸膜增厚(9例,11.5%);⑸胸膜转移瘤(8例,10.2%);⑹结核性胸水(8例,10.2%);⑺急性肺炎(7例,9.0%);(8)胸膜纤维瘤(2例,2.6%)。讨论
, 百拇医药
1.在尸检中EPF平均约厚0.25 mm[2],在侧胸壁和外后胸壁处较易发现。虽然EPF在常规CT上也可见到,但在HRCT上更清楚。本研究正常组中56.0%可在CT上见到EPF,其厚度均<2 mm。
2.文献报道中EPF的增厚曾见于胸膜或肺部炎症、结核、支气管扩张所致肺内瘢痕形成、胸膜肥厚、胸膜斑、圆形肺不张、石棉肺、复杂型尘肺、肺炎旁胸水等疾病中。Waite等[3]报道35例脓胸,60% EPF厚度≥3 mm,其中29%厚度≥5 mm;而在30例恶性胸水和20例漏出性胸水中EPF增厚者仅各为10%和5%,且无一例厚度≥5 mm者 。Aquino等[4]报道,在36例渗出性胸水伴壁层胸膜肥厚(其中8例为脓胸,8例为肺炎旁胸水)者中20例(56%)有EPF增厚,12例厚达4 mm以上,而在23例无壁层胸膜肥厚的渗出性胸水、27例漏出性胸水者均仅各有1例EPF增厚,在23例恶性渗出性胸水者中也仅3例(13%)有EPF增厚。Im等[5]在18例胸片上见到,至少厚1 cm肺尖帽的上叶肺结核于HRCT上都在结核灶旁见到有3~25 mm厚的EPF。Marchbank等[6]则报道,在14例圆形肺不张的CT和超声中都见到病变附近有局部胸膜增厚及EPF增厚,后者的厚度为3~12 mm。
, 百拇医药
3.根据本研究42例有增厚的EPF CT衰减值的测量结果,它们的CT值均较其前胸壁皮下脂肪的CT值为高,平均增高26.5 HU。Takasugi等[7]在18例脓胸中发现有13例的EPF CT值增高,平均增高达88.3 HU,甚至可因此而将增厚的EPF误认为是胸水。在Waite等[3]发现35例脓胸中11例(31%)EPF的CT值增高,可达介于脂肪和软组织之间的CT值,而在30例恶性胸水中则仅1例(3%)达到上述的CT值。一般认为CT衰减值的增高是由于水肿、淋巴管扩张和炎症细胞或肉芽组织对胸膜和胸膜外结构浸润的结果[7]。
4.笔者所见与文献报道大致相似,即在炎症性、结核性胸膜或(和)肺部病变,特别是病程长合并有胸膜肥厚、钙化者中容易出现EPF增厚。此外,本组在26例放射性肺损伤和4例肺纤维化中也见到有EPF增厚,而这在以往的文献中未见报道过。漏出性胸水、胸膜或肺恶性疾病等中则很少引起EPF增厚。Ratto等[8]认为邻近胸壁的肺癌若累及胸壁时最有意义的CT表现为EPF线消失,而未见有EPF增厚者。近日,笔者见到1例未包括在本组中的经病理证实的发生在胸膜肥厚基础上的恶性间皮瘤,肥厚的胸膜外可见EPF增厚,而在间皮瘤处则仅见肿瘤突向胸壁而未见到EPF(图6),也与此相符。此外,在本研究中也可见到在急性肺炎及无胸膜增厚的结核性胸水中也有EPF不增厚者。综上所述,EPF的增厚多见于慢性特异性或非特异性炎症,故当对胸膜或胸膜邻近的肺部病变进行鉴别诊断时,仔细观察EPF有无增厚是有帮助的。
, 百拇医药
参考文献
[1] Hammerman AM, Susman N, Strzembosz A, et al. The extrapleural fat sign: CT characteristics. J Comput Assist Tomogr, 1990,14:345-347.
[2] Im JG, Webb WR,Rosen A, et al.Costal pleural: appearances at high-resolution CT.Radiology,1989,171:125-131.
[3] Waite RJ, Carbonneau RJ, Balikian JP, et al.Parietal pleural changes in empyema:appearances at CT. Radiology,1990,175:145-150.
, 百拇医药
[4] Aquino SL, Well WR, Gushiken BJ. Pleural exudates and transudates: diagnosis with contrast-enhanced CT. Radiology,1994,192:803-808.
[5] Im JG, Webb WR, Han MC, et al. Apical opacity associated with pulmonary tuberculosis: high-resolutions CT findings.Radiology,1991,178:727-731.
[6] Marchbank ND, Wilson AG, Joseph AE. Ultrasound features of folded lung. Clin Radiol,1996,51:433-437.
[7] Takasugi JE, Godwin JD, Teefey SA. The extrapleural fat in empyema: CT appearance. Br J Radiol,1991,64:580-583.
[8] Ratto GB, Piacenza G, Frola C, et al.Chest wall involvement by lung cancer: computed tomographic detection and results of operation. Ann Thorac Surg,1991,51:182-188.
(收稿:1998-04-29 修回:1998-09-14), 百拇医药