当前位置: 首页 > 期刊 > 《中国斜视与小儿眼科杂志》 > 2000年第1期
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儿童白内障人工晶体植入现状(二)
http://www.100md.com 《中国斜视与小儿眼科杂志》 2000年第1期
     作者:朱刚

    单位:朱刚(山东省医学科学院眼科研究所 266071 青岛);谢立信(山东省医学科学院眼科研究所 266071 青岛)

    关键词:

    谢立信 审校谢立信 审校

    三、视力结果

    儿童白内障术后的视力与多种因素有关:如白内障的发生时间、白内障的类型、混浊程度、单眼还是双眼、手术时机、术后矫正情况、弱视治疗的程度及术后并发症等有关。一个成功的手术只是给患儿建立了良好的光学通道,其最终的治疗还在于术后的屈光矫正和弱视治疗。Awner[27]报道了21例4岁以下单眼白内障患者,术后有52%获得了0.5以上的视力。其中42%为婴幼儿性白内障,68%为外伤性白内障。其结果与Zwaan[28]的结果一致。Markham[29]报道86%的单眼婴幼儿术后视力在0.1以上,7例中无一人视力在0.5以上。Plager等[30]报道了57例79眼10个月至17岁的先天性白内障,术后平均随访2年,79%的患儿矫正视力大于0.5。目前报道,外伤性白内障是人工晶体植入的最佳适应证。因为患儿已有相当程度的视力发育,其术后最佳矫正视力在1.0以上者占70~90%[31]。对于年龄大于2岁儿童的单侧先天性白内障行人工晶体植入认为是标准的手术方式。但以上视力的分析只是一个大体的结果,尚需要针对儿童白内障发生的时间、类型、混浊程度、单双眼、手术时间和术后视力结果的关系进行大范围多病例的研究。
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    四、手术并发症及治疗

    儿童白内障术中采用前后撕囊联合前段玻璃体切除以及术中应用肝素注射液或肝素表面处理的人工晶体,术后的炎症反应明显减少。但是由于儿童术后的炎症反应较重,术后仍有部分儿童出现后发障和继发膜形成。后发障可待炎症稳定后经扁平部玻璃体切除。继发膜可行Nd:YAG激光切除联合前房内注射t-PA治疗。因为采用透明角膜切口或巩膜隧道切口,不损伤小梁组织,术后眼压增高可能与手术后炎性渗出物堵塞小梁网或玻璃体嵌顿引起瞳孔阻滞所致。可以通过抗炎或切除脱于前房和嵌顿于瞳孔区的玻璃体治疗。

    理论上,由于术中骚扰玻璃体,术后出现视网膜脱离的机会将增加。但报道术后视网膜脱离的发生率并不比成人高,这一结果可能与观察时间短有关[32]

    儿童白内障术后视网膜黄斑囊样水肿(CME)的发生率低,可能与他们视网膜比成人健康有关。玻璃体切除并不增加CME的发生率。
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    人工晶体夹持和偏位是儿童白内障术后常见的并发症。Hiles[33]报道有40%的患儿术后出现人工晶体夹持,但是囊袋内人工晶体植入能明显减少这一并发症。人工晶体夹持更多见于虹膜支持型人工晶体[34]。若人工晶体夹持不影响视力或不产生其他并发症,可以随访观察。如果出现严重的葡葡膜炎等并发症时要毫不吝惜地取出或更换人工晶体。

    五、人工晶体植入的禁忌症

    严重的小眼球是人工晶体植入的相对禁忌症。因为这种眼球本身发育不良,视力预后较差,而且前房无足够的空间以避免人工晶体与角膜内皮接触,术后易出现青光眼,角膜内皮失代偿等。另外,青光眼患儿眼压很难控制,也不主张植入人工晶体。除此之外,白内障合并玻璃体增殖性病变(如糖尿病性视网膜病变,严重的眼外伤等),恶性肿瘤(如视网膜母细胞瘤等),视神经萎缩以及眼内慢性炎症如葡萄膜炎、弓形体病、风疹综合征等[34,35]
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    从目前对出生后2周和4周的婴幼儿行人工晶体植入的效果看,人工晶体植入并无年龄限制。但是对于2岁以下的儿童是否植入人工晶体仍有争议。主要是因为年龄越小,术后炎症反应越重;人工晶体的屈光度不易确定;睫状肌和晶状体囊发育尚未完善;若行扁平部玻璃体切除,其入口距角膜缘的距离不易掌握[31]。虽然有出生后不久即行人工晶体植入的报道,而且人工晶体本身对眼也无严重的并发症,但仍缺乏长期随访结果和较多病例报告。

    六、结束语

    随着儿童白内障人工晶体植入后并发症的减少,人工晶体在儿童白内障中的应用正逐渐被人们接受。由于儿童眼的特殊性,人工晶体的使用仍要非常慎重。首先要根据患儿的年龄和健眼的屈光状态选择合适的人工晶体屈光度。另外,手术者必须具有娴熟的显微手术技巧以及良好的手术器械;术中进行前后联合撕囊,前段玻璃体切除,以降低后发障和人工晶体夹持的发生率。同时要求患儿的家长明确手术目的,以便术后及时复诊和进行弱视治疗。■
, 百拇医药
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