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编号:10284506
肾素-血管紧张素-醛固酮-系统与心血管病的关系
http://www.100md.com 《心血管康复医学杂志》 2000年第3期
     作者:刘铭 吴增颖

    单位:兰州医学院第一附属医院心内科,甘肃省兰州市,730000

    关键词:

    心血管病康复医学杂志000362

    肾素-血管紧张素-醛固酮系统(RAS)是一类重 要的生物 活性物质,广泛存在于多种组织。RAS在生理情况下对血压调控、水盐代谢起着重要作用, 而在病理情况下,特别是组织中RAS增加与高血压、动脉粥样硬化、心肌肥厚、血管中层硬 化、细胞凋亡、心衰等密切相关。

    1 组织RAS的存在

    大量研究证实,RAS广泛存在于局部组织,如血管内皮及平滑肌、心肌、肺、肾、脑和性腺 等组织中[1~3]。局部组织产生的这类物质以自分泌或旁分泌形式作用于细胞自身 或外围组织。心血管组织产生RAS的直接证据:①在血管中层,诱导出血管紧张素原(AGT)、 肾素和血管紧张素转换酶(ACE)活性的共同表达[4]; ②血管内皮损伤后,中层和新生内膜中诱导产生出AGT mRNA;③压力负荷后分离的心房和 心 室内AGT合成增加;④大鼠梗死外围心肌和主动脉结扎后的左心室AGT的mRNA增高。自发性 高血压大鼠(SHR)的药代动力学研究发现:给予血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂(ACEI)后,血压降 低与局部组织肾素、血管紧张素(Ang)Ⅱ的抑制相关性更好[5]。目前认为:ACEI的 降 压作用主要依赖心血管组织AngⅡ的抑制。这可以解释为什么尽管循环中AngⅡ水平呈反应性 增高,而ACEI的降压作用仍可发挥[6]。糜酶(chymase)是AngⅡ多种生成旁路中的 一种酶,现已从人心肌中分离、纯化并克隆出心脏糜酶[7],该酶对ACEI不敏感, 催化活性较ACE高20倍,不降解激肽[8]。用微透析技术对狗心脏的ACE和糜酶生成 AngⅡ的相对分布研究发现:心肌细胞间液中AngⅠ和AngⅡ较血管腔内高100倍,且不受静脉 输注AngⅠ或卡托普利的影响。说明细胞间隙和血管腔内AngⅡ的产生和/或降解是分离的, 并且由不同酶机制介导[9]。心肌AngⅡ的产生ACE途径较糜酶途径占优势,从而支 持ACEI能逆转心肌肥厚[8]。在病理生理情况下或长期应用ACEI时,糜酶途径可能 加强[8]。对鼠心肌梗死模型的研究发现:左室梗死区外围心肌中醛固酮合成酶mRN A、醛固酮和AngⅡ水平增高,11-β羟化酶和皮质酮减低;这些表现可被AT1受体拮抗剂- 氯沙坦(losartan)所对抗,而不被醛固酮受体拮抗剂-安体舒酮(spironolactone)削弱,相 反 ,肾上腺的醛固酮合成酶和11-β羟化酶基因表达以及血浆醛固酮水平不受梗死影响,安体 舒酮和氯沙坦能防止梗死相关的心肌纤维化并降低心肌去甲肾上腺素水平,但前者 的作用较弱[10]。已有研究证明:醛固酮可刺激心肌胶原合成[11,12] ,但其机制仍不清楚[12]。长期应用醛固酮受体拮抗剂可防止左室梗死外区心肌纤 维化,其作用不依赖血压改变[10]
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    2 AngⅡ的受体功能

    RAS的许多病理生理作用大都通过AngⅡ的几种受体亚型介导。

    AngⅡ诱导心血管细胞肥大的早期分子信号包括G-蛋白偶联的磷脂酰肌醇、三磷酸肌醇和蛋 白激酶C活化,继后的细胞内短期稳态钙效应和激活Na+/H+交换导致的细胞内碱化,原 癌基因表达和新蛋白合成,胎儿基因如心房钠肽表达等[13,14]。这些信号传递是 通过AngⅡ和ATla受体和与它高度同原的ATlb受体介导的。用打掉A Tl a受体的动物模型或药物阻止ATla和ATlb受体的研究显示:阻力 负荷改善情况下,用ACEI或AT1阻止剂可逆转负荷引起的肥厚;AngⅡ经ATla和 ATlb使培养的心肌细胞和完整 心脏肥厚;但在负荷诱导和维持心脏肥厚的过程中,AT1的活性并不是必须的 [15]
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    AngⅡ AT2受体活化可抑制酪氨酸磷酸酶(protein tyrosine phosphatase),导致quanyla te cyclase激活和cGMP形成,后者可使一氧化氮(NO)抑制增殖过程中的细胞[16]。 另外,AT2的激活可抑制有丝分裂活化蛋白(mitogen activated protein)激酶系 列的信使通道,在这个通道中有多个生长因子[17]。AT2受体活化是细胞内强力 的抗增殖信使,对细胞周期转变与分裂都有抑制作用。由AngⅡ和成纤维细胞生长因子诱导 的冠状动脉内皮细胞增殖可被AT2受体活化抑制[18]。AT2还在水、盐调节和 血 压自稳定中有明显作用,AT2介导肾产生NO和环磷酸鸟苷(cGMP)并调节肾前列腺素 [19,20],对人晚期心衰左室组织的研究发现:左室AT1受体下调,AT2与AT1 的比例明显增加[21]
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    3 组织RAS病理生理作用

    3.1 高血压

    肾素在血压调节中的作用是肯定的。将人的肾素基因直接转染给小鼠肝细胞, 可导致一过性高血压伴随血浆AngⅡ升高。这种高血压可被人肾素特异抑制剂或AngⅡ受体拮 抗剂对抗[22]。近年高血压基因研究正在深入进行,RAS各相关基因与高血压之间 的联系存在动物种属、人种和研究方法之间的差异。在病例对照研究中发现白人的AngⅡ、 Ⅰ 型受体的等位基因C(A1166C/AT1)与高血压病有联系[23];而对亲缘同质的日本 人的分析中,则未发现这种联系[24]。Jeunemaitre等[25]对两个人群的 研 究发现:AGT基因的两个分子变异(M235T,密码子235位蛋氨酸取代苏氨酸,T174M,174位苏 氨 酸取代蛋氨酸)与高血压密切联系。虽未证实这种变异带来RAS动力学改变,但M235T与血浆A GT增高密切联系。但Liama等[26]的研究未能证实这两分子变异与高血压及其靶器 官损害联系。将AGT的脱敏寡脱氧核苷酸(antisense oligodeoxynucleotides,ODN;一种基 因表达抑制剂,用于特殊基因功能研究的工具)转染到SHR的门静脉,导致一过性血浆AGT和 血压下降[27,28]。在正常血压鼠同样有其作用[29]。这说明AGT在血压 调节中起着决定作用。
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    3.2 心肌肥厚

    研究发现:血管紧张素转换酶DD基因型(ACE/DD)为非高血压左室肥厚的一个独立危险因素[30]。AT1/C等位基因与非高血压的日本人的左室肌块有明 显 联系, 而且其基因效能不依赖性别、年龄和血压[23]。心肌病田鼠的心室肌中AT1/C基 因数量上调[31]。说明这些基因与心室肥厚密切相关。而高血压心室肥厚与上述基 因的联系则不确定,可能与心脏负荷因素导致心室肥厚掩盖了基因的效能有关[23] 。AngⅡ致心肌肥厚不依赖负荷因素,通过AT1受体-依赖机制或受体后介导的蛋白激酶C( PKC)转位(由胞浆转移到胞膜)来促进蛋白合成。与负荷因素致心室肥厚不全相同,后者主要 通过原癌基因诱导蛋白合成[32,33]。将梗死后的心肌与正常对照心肌细胞分别在 有AngⅡ的培养液中孵育,3天时梗死心肌细胞体积增加23%,蛋白含量增加28%,正常心肌 无变化;在7天时正常心肌增加分别为16%和20%。氯沙坦可完全阻断这一过程,而AT2阻 断剂-PD123319则不能,说明AngⅡ通过AT1促进梗死心肌的蛋白合成[34]
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    最近研究发现:鼠肥厚的心肌细胞上的AT2受体可逆转AT1的促增殖作用,这一作用是通 过活化激肽cGMP实现的[35]。抑制AT2受体可增加AngⅡ在肥厚心肌上新的蛋白合 成,可能与AngⅡ通过AT1扩大了PKC的活性和抑制cGMP的信使作用有关[36]

    3.3 动脉粥样硬化

    研究发现:ACE在整个粥样斑块都有表达,粥样斑块局部各主要炎性细胞中 RAS活性增加,低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)尤其氧化型可攻击ACE基因,在局部血管壁内产 生AngⅡ[37]。梗死外围心肌中AGT、ACE和AT1在血管损伤后的内皮形成中具有抗 增殖作用,将AT2受体基因转移到球囊损伤后的颈动脉,可显著抑制球囊损伤后的内皮形 成[39,40],使心肌梗死后AT2的含量增加[41]。心肌梗死存活长期评 价发现ACEI可显著减少再梗死率[42]
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    3.4 动脉中层硬化

    生理情况下,心脏收缩时大动脉扩张并吸收其能量,心脏舒张时以位能 的形式释放,推动血液流动。然而,随着年龄增长,血管发生重塑,中层增厚、纤维化,管 壁顺应性下降[43],导致年龄依赖性收缩压增高、脉压增大或老年收缩期高血压; 中小动脉肌层增厚、管腔变窄、壁腔比值增大[44]。这一病理改变,最终导致血压 持续升高和肾功能损害。由AngⅡ诱导的鼠高血压模型发现:伴随着血压增高,主动脉和冠 状动脉平滑肌细胞向不成熟表型逆向变化(纤维化和非肌性纤凝蛋白),AT1和AT2受体拮 抗 剂可全部或部分逆转其变化[45]。AngⅡ促进平滑肌细胞增殖肥大,间质纤维增加 ,起到了致病原作用[45]

    3.5 心衰

    ACEI制剂在心力衰竭干预治疗中已证实能改善心功能、减低死亡率。其理论基础 除降低心室后负荷外,ACEI可抑制激肽酶Ⅱ,减少内原性缓激肽的降解。激肽与细胞膜表面 的激肽B2受体结合后,活化NO合成酶,使组织中NO增加[47]。后者可调节线粒体 呼 吸酶链中的电子传递 [48]。一组冠心病衰患者的对照研究显示:培哚普利(perind oprilat)能使心房快速起搏负荷后的左室舒末压改善,去甲肾上腺素和乳酸摄取下降,缺血 性S-T段下移改善[49]
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    4 RAS的干预作用

    肾素在RAS产生中起着限速酶作用,AngⅡ是生物效应剂,干预这两个主要过程有可能逆转RA S的致病作用。目前,尚无肾素抑制剂用用临床,ACEI和AT1受体拮抗剂已广泛应用并取得 很好疗效。最初应用这类制剂时,普遍的观点是只适于那些高血浆肾素的高血压病人。后来 则发现其疗效并不依赖血浆肾素活性,无论低、正常或高肾素者均可满意降压[50] 长期应用AT1拮抗剂-氯沙坦可防止左室非梗死心肌的纤维化和肥厚[51]。一组高 血压左室肥厚患者经喹那普利(quinapril)A治疗,至7.5月时,左室肌块指数(LVMI)下降17 .5%,E/A比值增加:至38.3月,下降38.6%,左室肥厚完全逆转者达90.5%,分数缩短率 增加14.6%;最明显的变化发生在7.5月后。说明ACEI对左室肥厚的干预治疗至少6个月以 上[52]

    5 展 望
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    RAS与心血管疾病有着复杂而密切的联系。随着研究进展,认识不断深化。现已认识到ACE D D型等位基因与心肌梗死密切联系,被认为心肌梗死的一个危险因素,与高血压的联系则不 确定。曾认为AGT可能是高血压的一个侯选基因,但因动物种属、人种和研究方法的不同而 结论相悖。现初步认识到AT2的作用与ATlb与ATla的存在关系与功 能均有待进一步认识。随着研究不断深入,会进一步阐明RAS系统与心血管病的深层关系。

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    (收稿日期:2000-01-24), 百拇医药


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