help someone, Kant claims that you are acting in accordance witha moral rule or principle, while Mill claims that you are acting tomaximize will-being and achieve the best outcome. Rules versusoutcome.

    "A virtue ethicist will emphasize the fact that providing help wouldbe charitable or benevolent, charity and benevolence being virtues,"she writes. So what does virtue mean？"To Aristotle, it's an excellenceof character," she says. "It's those character traits that make themmorally good people."

    Suddenly we're on the brink of the minefield. Start using words likegood and bad, right and wrong, and you introduce the assumptionthat we can identify and agree on such things. This is why virtueethics is so contentious – and why it's increasingly popular.For decades, even centuries, philosophers had embraced subjectivism,doing away with the absolutes of rights and wrongs. If we'remotivated by rules and outcomes, why waste time debating rights

    “如果有一天 ......