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儿童OSAHS的正畸治疗及美学效果(1)
http://www.100md.com 2018年5月1日 《中国美容医学》 2018年第9期
     [摘要]儿童阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(OSAHS)是指在睡眠过程中反复出现打鼾、憋气、呼吸暂停从而引起低氧血症和高碳酸血症的综合征,临床表现为呼吸困难、张口呼吸、白天多动或嗜睡、下颌后缩和唇肌无力等,对患儿的生长发育、认知、听力以及心肺功能等都造成了一定危害。近年来,随着该类患儿数量的增加,儿童OSAHS引起了耳鼻喉、口腔科、呼吸科等多学科的重视。而正畸治疗不仅可以改善呼吸,还可以改善患者面型,达到一定的美学效果。因此,通过对儿童OSAHS的发病机制及正畸治疗进行综述,以提高公众对儿童OSAHS的认识,并为正畸治疗儿童OSAHS提供一定的指导。

    [关键词]儿童OSAHS;正畸治疗;气道阻塞;错牙合畸形;美学效果

    [中图分类号]R783.5 [文献标志码]A [文章编号]1008-6455(2018)09-0155-03

    Orthodontic Therapy for Chirdren with OSAHS and the Aesthetic Effect
, http://www.100md.com
    ZHU Li-sha1, SUN Shi-yi2, BAO Jia-jia3,LI Biao1, REN Li-ling4

    (1. Stomatology College of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000,Gansu,China; 2. The First Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University,Lanzhou 730000,Gansu, China;3.Department of Neurology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University,Chengdu 610041,Sichuan ,China;4. Department of Orthodontic, Hospital of Stomatology Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000,Gansu,China)

    Abstract: Children with obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrom (OSAHS) refers to the repeated snoring ,Suffocating, and apnea during sleep, which leads to hypoxemia and hypercapnia syndrome. Clinical manifestations of children with OSAHS include difficulty breathing, mouth breathing, hyperactivity or sleepiness during the day , mandibular retractionandand lip muscle weakness. These phenomenons are harmful to the growth, cognition, hearing and cardiopulmonary function of the children. In recent years, with the increase of the number of children with OSAHS, OSAHS has attracted the attention of many subjects such as otolaryngology, oral cavity and respiratory department.What’s more ,the orthodontic treatment can not only improve the breathing, but also the appearance ,in order to achieve the beauty. Therefore, this article reviewed the pathogenesis of children’s OSAHS and orthodontictreatment ,which raise the public awareness for the children’s OSAHS and provide some guidance for orthodontic treatment.
, 百拇医药
    Key words: paediatric obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome; orthodontic therapy; airway obstruction; malocclusion; aesthetic effect

    兒童阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(obstructive sleep apneahypopnea syndrome , OSAHS)是在睡眠过程中频繁出现上气道阻塞,扰乱睡眠过程中的正常通气和睡眠结构而引起病理生理变化的一类疾病。主要表现为夜间打鼾、憋气、呼吸暂停、张口呼吸以及性格行为异常。严重时会导致患儿颅面畸形、生长发育迟缓,甚至对心肺系统等造成不可逆的损害[1]。儿童OSAHS的治疗方法主要包括外科手术,持续正压通气(continuous posi-tive airway pressure,CPAP)和正畸治疗,其中正畸治疗比其它两种方法更具优势,美国睡眠医学研究会曾提出口腔矫治器能治疗轻中度OSAHS和不能耐受CPAP的重度OSAHS[1]。本文就儿童OSAHS的发病机制及正畸治疗进行综述,以期为临床进行儿童OSAHS的治疗提供一定的指导。
, 百拇医药
    1 儿童OSAHS的发病机制

    儿童OSAHS的发病机制与成人有所不同,Tapia[2]等指出,成人OSAHS多是由软腭以及悬雍垂松弛、肥大引起,阻塞平面主要在舌咽部。而儿童OSAHS产生的主要原因是扁桃体/腺样体肥大导致患儿气道狭窄。国外学者[3]通过对上气道进行计算机断层扫描分析得出儿童气道的阻塞平面是在腺样体所在的鼻咽至腭咽区域。对于OSAHS患儿,除了扁桃体和腺样体肥大外,上气道狭窄、舌根后置及松弛也会造成上气道阻塞,引起打鼾、呼吸暂停等症状。有研究表明[4],OSAHS与舌骨位置以及气道形状与大小有关。低角型患儿更不易出现OSAHS的症状,因为低角型患儿前面高较小,下颌向前发育。在下颌舌骨肌作用下,下颌骨牵拉上气道,从而使得上气道的舌咽、口咽段矢状径增大。另外,颅面发育异常,神经肌肉功能异常或运动失调以及一些影响颌骨发育的先天畸形或遗传综合征也有可能导致儿童OSAHS的发生。, 百拇医药(朱丽莎 孙世怡 包佳佳 李彪 任利玲)
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