涪陵区2014年农村分散式供水水质现状分析(1)

http://www.100md.com 2016年2月1日 《健康之路(医药研究)》 2016年第2期

     【摘要】目的 了解涪陵区农村居民饮用分散式供水水质情况和卫生状况，预防因饮水所致的介水传染病的发生，为政府相关部门在提高饮水卫生安全的决策时提供科学依据。方法 在涪陵区16个乡镇中根据分层随机的原则选择具有代表性的5个乡镇开展农村分散式供水基本情况调查和水质监测，分别在丰水期和枯水期进行监测采样和卫生学评价。结果 全年检测水样78件，合格7件，合格率为8.97%。枯水期采样39件、合格5件，合格率为12.82%；丰水期采样39件、合格2件，合格率为5.13%(2=0.63，P>0.05)。微生物指标合格9件，合格率为11.54%；毒理指标全部合格，合格率为100%；感官性状和一般化学指标合格57件，合格率为73.08%；三种类别指标合格率差异有统计学意义(2=135.49，P<0.05)。结论 涪陵区农村分散式供水水质合格率较低，主要原因是微生物指标的合格率低尤其是总大肠菌群，应加强对分散式饮用水源的保护力度。

    【关键词】 分散式供水；水质合格率；农村

    【Abstract】Objecive To investigate the quality and health status of rural scattered water supply in Fuling District ，to prevent water borne disases happen ，and provide scientific basis for the government .Methods Five representative monitoring towns were selectd from sixteen towns to be investigated with a questionnaire on the basic situation.Samples of scattered water supply from different points were collected in wet and dry water seasons.The water quality was analyzed and assessed according to the related standards .Results 79 water samples were tested，7 of which were qualified，accounting for 11.54%.In dry season 39 water samples were tested，5 water samples were qualified and the qualified rate was 12.82% . In wet season there were also 39 water samples were tested，2 water samples were qualified and the qualified rate was 5.13%(2=0.63，P>0.05).The bacteriology index of 9 samples were qualified and the rate was 11.54%，the toxicology index of the whole samples were qualified，the organoleptic indicator and general chemical index of 57 samples were qualified ，the rate was 73.08%(2=135.49，P<0.05).Conclusion The pass rates of composite index of scattered water supply from rural areas are low，which is related to the status that lacking of specification for water production and water supply facilities.

    【Key words】Scattered water supply；Pass rate of composite index；Rural areas

    【中图分类号】R-0 【文献标识码】B 【文章编号】1671-8801(2016)02-0184-02

    涪陵区地处四川盆地东部丘陵地带，受地理条件的限制[1]，人饮安全工程供水的供给在全区还不能达到全覆盖，存在部分农村居民只能以山泉水、溪水、浅井水及深井水作为生活饮用水。随着国家西部大开发战略的施行，西部沿长江地区招商引资规模的不断扩大，广大农村地区在工农业生产和经济飞速发展的同时许多饮用水源水也受到不同程度直接或间接影响。为了解涪陵区农村地区饮用分散式供水水质和卫生现状，进一步解决饮水安全隐患，为有效改水提出切实可行的措施，确保安全饮水，于2014年度组织专业人员开展了专项调查，现将调查结果和分散式供水水质监测结果分析如下。

    1 对象与方法

    1.1 对象 在涪陵区16个乡镇中根据不同饮水水源类型、不同取水方式随机选择马武镇、武陵山乡、清溪镇、大顺乡、增福乡等5个有代表性的乡镇作为监测点。

    1.2 方法 在调查监测之前对所有参与本次监测任务的专业人员进行调查、采样、送样、检测等专业知识的系统化培训，并统一调查方法和基础资料调查表。选取5个乡镇39个分散式饮水点进行调查和监测采样，分别在枯水期和丰水期进行水样的采集和检测。

    1.3 检测方法与评价 所有水样的采集、送样和检测均严格按照《生活饮用水标准检验方法》(GB5750-2006)的要求进行操作。所有水样均进行如下指标检测：色度、浑浊度、臭和味、肉眼可见物、pH、总硬度、溶解性总固体、氯化物、硫酸盐、硝酸盐氮、氨氮、铁、锰、砷、氟化物、耗氧量、菌落总数、总大肠菌群等指标。所有水样的检测结果均严格按照《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB5749-2006)中的相关限值要求进行评价，任一水样中有一项指标超标即判断该水样不合格。(刘榆 蒋薇 郭玲 彭园)

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