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13_静脉输液.ppt
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    静脉输液

    Intravenous infusion/

    Intravenous Administration

    Objectives

    教学目标及其基本要求

    一. 识记

    1. 正确说出常用液体的种类

    2. 正确写出计算输液速度与时间的公式

    二. 理解

    1.用自己的语言正确解释:静脉

    输液

    2.正确说出输液的目的

    3.能正确描述常见静脉输液反应

    的原因、症状与护理

    Intravenous infusion is the method that a large volume of solution infused into body to handle fluid and electrolyte disturbance.

    原理:大气压和液体静压---

    输液系统内压 >静脉压

    条件:1. 液体高度

    2. 与大气相通

    3. 管道通畅

    一、Purposes

    1. Keep balance of fluid, electrocyte, and acid-base 补充水分、电解质,维持酸碱平衡

    2. Supply nutrient substances 补充营养

    3. Supply medication输入药物

    4. Increase the blood volume 增加血容量

    5. Establish a lifeline

    二、Types and functions of solutions

    (一) According to Osmotic pressure

    * Isotonic

    * Hypertonic

    * Hypotonic

    (二)According to Functions

    1. Crystal solution晶体溶液

    Nutrient solutions: 5%Glucose,5%Dextrose in water(D5W),5%Dextrose in o.45% sodium chloride

    Electrolyte solutions: NS (0.9% sodium chloride)

    Ringer's solution

    Lactated Ringer's solution

    Alkalinizing solution: Lactated Ringer's solution

    5% NB

    Hypertonic solution: 50%GS, 20% mannital

    2. Colloid solution胶体溶液

    Volume expenders

    Dextran右旋糖酐

    Plasma 血浆,代血浆

    Human serum albumin 血液制品

    3.TPN solution (Total parenteral nutrition) 静脉高营养液

    三、Sites of Venipuncture

    1. Peripheral vein 周围静脉输液法

    (1) Superficial vein in limbs

    Basilic vein

    Cephalic vein

    Dorsal venous network

    Great saphenous vein

    Small saphenous vein

    Dorsal foot vein

    (2) Vein in the scalp

    2. External jugular vein

    Internal jugular vein

    颈外、内静脉插管输液法

    Purposes

    1)长期输液,周围静脉不易穿刺者;

    2)长期静脉内滴注高浓度或有刺激

    性的药物,或行静脉内营养疗法;3)周围循环衰竭的危重病人,用来测量

    Central venous pressure (CVP)

    中心静脉压。

    ? Subclavian vein

    锁骨下静脉插管输液法

    1)对长期不能进食者或丢失大量

    液体者(如食管手术后病人、危

    重病人等),用以补充大量高热

    量,高营养液体及电解质;

    2)对各种原因所致的大出血,迅

    速输入大量液体,纠正血容量不

    足,以提高血压;

    3)用于癌症患者进行化疗时,注入

    刺激性较强的抗癌药物;

    4)紧急放置心内起搏导管;

    5)测量CVP (中心静脉压)。

    Central venous catheter

    Peripherally inserted central venous

    catheter

    四、Regulating and Monitoring Intravenous

    Infusion 输液速度与时间计算

    已知每分钟滴数与液体总量

    输液时间(小时) = 输液总量×点滴系数

    每分钟滴数×60

    已知液体总量与计划输液所用时间

    每分钟滴数 = 输液总量(毫升)×点滴系数

    输液时间(分钟)

    Drop factor

    Macrodrops:

    10, 12, 15, 20 drops/ml

    Microdrips:

    60 drops/ml

    五、Problems during infusion

    常见输液故障与处理

    1. Slow flow rate or no infusion

    输液过慢或液体不滴

    1)Infiltration 针头滑出血管外。

    处理:另选血管重新穿刺。

    2)Position of the extremity

    针头斜面紧贴血管壁。

    处理:调整针头位置或适当变换

    身体位置,直到点滴通畅为止。

    3)Occlusion of needle or catheter

    针头or 导管 阻塞。

    处理:更换针头另选 静脉穿刺。

    4)Too low hydrostatic pressure

    压力过低。

    处理:适当抬高输液瓶。

    5)venous cramp 静脉痉挛。

    处理:局部热敷以缓解痉挛。

    2. Too Large volume of solution in chamber

    滴管内液面过高

    3. Too small volume of solution in chamber

    滴管内液面过低

    4. The surface of liquid fall down

    automatically

    滴管内液面自行下降

    六、Infusion reactions

    输液反应与护理

    1. Febrile reaction(fever) 发热反应

    Etiology:输入致热物质

    Impureness不纯:

    输入溶液或药物制品不纯,消毒保存不良

    Incomplete sterilization不无菌:

    输液器、输液瓶、液体灭菌不完善或被污染;

    未执行无菌操作

    Symptoms/ Signs:fever, tremble, chill,nausea, vomiting, headache, tachycardia

    Nursing interventions:

    1. Check solution, medication, IV set

    2. Strict aseptic technique 严格无菌操作

    3. 反应轻:减慢滴速、保暖、观察

    重:停止输液、降温、用药、4. Observe 观察

    5. Notify the physician 通知医生

    6. Lab test 送检

    2. Fluid volume excess(overload)

    Cause 原因:快、多

    SS :dyspnea、chest depress 胸闷、tachypnea

    shortness of breath,tachycardia

    cough、frothy or pinkish sputum 咳粉红色

    泡 沫样痰、rales in the lungs 两肺可闻及

    湿性罗音,arrhythmia, facial paleness,pitting edema

    Nursing Interventions

    1. Slow or stop infusion, Observe and Notify the physician

    2. Flower's position with the feet dangling at the bedside端坐位,两腿下垂

    2. Apply tourniquet to limbs止血带四肢轮扎

    3. Oxygen administration with great flow rate

    高流量氧气吸入

    * Administer sedative, vasodilators, antiasthma,digitalis, and diuretics.

    5.静脉放血200毫升

    3. Phlebitis静脉炎

    Causes: Chemical or mechanical irritation

    Medications 长期输入浓度高、强刺激性

    Unsterile 输液中无菌操作不严格

    needle or catheter 静脉内长期留置硅胶管

    S/S :

    Redness along the vein 沿静脉出现条索状的红线, Swelling over the vein, Local pain

    Increased skin temperature

    Fever, chill, difficult mobility of limbs

    Nursing interventions

    1. Strict aseptic technique

    2. Change vein不选有炎症的静脉注射,有计 划地更换输液部位,以保护静脉。

    3. Dilute and infuse irritating medication

    slowly

    4. Elevate the limb, Immobilization

    5. Warm moist therapy: 50%MgSO4,Physical therapy, Antibiotics

    4. Air embolism 空气栓塞

    Cause: Embolus

    空气-静脉---右心房-右心室

    Symptoms/signs:Discomfort in chest 胸部异常不适,pain under the sternum,dyspnea

    cyanosis, tachycardia,濒死感、bubble sound水泡声

    Nursing intervention :

    1. Prevention: 防止气体进入静脉

    2. Position: 采取左侧卧位和头低脚高位.

    采取左侧卧位有利于气体浮向右心室尖部,避免阻塞肺动脉入口,随着心脏舒缩,将空气混成泡沫,分次小量进入肺动脉内,逐渐被吸收,以免发生阻塞。

    3. Oxygen administration with high flow rate

    4. Observe vital signs and Notify the physician

    5. Abstract air by CVP中心静脉导管抽出空气

    七、输液微粒污染

    八、Devices to Control infusions

    Roller clamp

    IV Controller

    Infusion pump

    输血

    Blood transfusion

    教学目标及其基本要求

    一.识记 正确说出常用血液的种类

    二. 理解

    1.用自己的语言正确解释:静脉输血、直接交叉相容配血试验、间接交叉

    相容配血试验

    2.正确说出输血的目的

    3.能正确描述常见输血反应的原因、症状与防治。

    三. 运用

    1.能应用所学的知识对静脉输血的

    病人进行护理

    Blood transfusion:is the introduction of whole blood or blood components into the venous circulation.

    Indirect Blood transfusion :是将已抽出的血液按静脉输液法输入给病人的方法。

    Direct Blood transfusion:是将供血者的血液抽出后,立即输给病人的方法。

    Arterial Blood transfusion

    Blood -aortic arch- coronary -neck artery -brain and heart......(后略) ......