02-神经科学与行为.ppt
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Myers' PSYCHOLOGY
Chapter 2
Neuroscience
and Behavior
Neural Communication
* Biological Psychology
* branch of psychology concerned with the links between biology and behavior
* some biological psychologists call themselves behavioral neuroscientists, neuropsychologists, behavior geneticists, physiological psychologists, or biopsychologists
* Neuron
* a nerve cell
* the basic building block of the nervous system
Neural Communication
* Dendrite
* the bushy, branching extensions of a neuron that receive messages and conduct impulses toward the cell body
* Axon
* the extension of a neuron, ending in branching terminal fibers, through which messages are sent to other neurons or to muscles or glands
* Myelin [MY-uh-lin] Sheath
* a layer of fatty cells segmentally encasing the fibers of many neurons
* enables vastly greater transmission speed of neutral impulses
Neural Communication
Neural Communication
* Action Potential
* a neural impulse;a brief electrical charge that travels down an axon
* generated by the movement of positively charged atoms in and out of channels in the axon's membrane
* Threshold
* the level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse
Neural Communication
Neural Communication
* Synapse [SIN-aps]
* junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of the receiving neuron
* tiny gap at this junction is called the synaptic gap or cleft
* Neurotransmitters
* chemical messengers that traverse the synaptic gaps between neurons
* when released by the sending neuron, neuro-transmitters travel across the synapse and bind to receptor sites on the receiving neuron, thereby influencing whether it will generate a neural impulse
Neural Communication
Neural Communication
Neural Communication
Neural Communication
* Acetylcholine [ah-seat-el-KO-leen]
* a neurotransmitter that, among its functions, triggers muscle contraction
* Endorphins [en-DOR-fins]
* "morphine within"
* natural, opiatelike neurotransmitters
*linked to pain control and to pleasure
Neural Communication
The Nervous System
* Nervous System
* the body's speedy, electrochemical communication system
* consists of all the nerve cells of the peripheral and central nervous systems
* Central Nervous System (CNS)
* the brain and spinal cord
* Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
* the sensory and motor neurons that connect the central nervous system (CNS) to the rest of the body
The Nervous System
The Nervous System
* Nerves
* neural "cables" containing many axons
* part of the peripheral nervous system
* connect the central nervous system with muscles, glands, and sense organs
* Sensory Neurons
* neurons that carry incoming information from the sense receptors to the central nervous system
The Nervous System
* Interneurons
* CNS neurons that internally communicate and intervene between the sensory inputs and motor outputs
* Motor Neurons
* carry outgoing information from the CNS to muscles and glands
* Somatic Nervous System
* the division of the peripheral nervous system that controls the body's skeletal muscles
The Nervous System
* Autonomic Nervous System
* the part of the peripheral nervous system that controls the glands and the muscles of the internal organs (such as the heart)
* Sympathetic Nervous System
* division of the autonomic nervous system that arouses the body, mobilizing its energy in stressful situations
* Parasympathetic Nervous System
* division of the autonomic nervous system that calms the body, conserving its energy
The Nervous System
The Nervous System
The Nervous System
* Reflex
* a simple, automatic, inborn response to a sensory stimulus
The Nervous System
* Neural Networks
* interconnected neural cells
* with experience, networks can learn, as feedback strengthens or inhibits connections that produce certain results
* computer simulations of neural networks show analogous learning
The Brain
* Lesion
* tissue destruction
* a brain lesion is a naturally or experimentally caused destruction of brain tissue
Electroencephalogram (EEG)
* an amplified recording of the waves of electrical activity that sweep across the brain's surface
* these waves are measured by electrodes placed on the scalp
The Brain
* CT (computed tomography) Scan
* a series of x-ray photographs taken from different angles and combined by computer into a composite representation of a slice through the body; also called CAT scan
* PET (positron emission tomography) Scan
* a visual display of brain activity that detects where a radioactive form of glucose goes while the brain performs a given task
* MRI (magnetic resonance imaging)
* a technique that uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce computer-generated images that distinguish among different types of soft tissue; allows us to see structures within the brain
PET Scan
MRI Scan
The Brain
* Brainstem
* the oldest part and central core of the brain, beginning where the spinal cord swells as it enters the skull
* responsible for automatic survival functions
* Medulla [muh-DUL-uh]
* base of the brainstem
* controls heartbeat and breathing
The Brain
The Brain
* Reticular Formation
* a nerve network in the brainstem that plays an important role in controlling arousal
* Thalamus [THAL-uh-muss]
* the brain's sensory switchboard, located on top of the brainstem
* it directs messages to the sensory receiving areas in the cortex and transmits replies to the cerebellum and medulla
The Brain......（后略) ......
Myers' PSYCHOLOGY
Chapter 2
Neuroscience
and Behavior
Neural Communication
* Biological Psychology
* branch of psychology concerned with the links between biology and behavior
* some biological psychologists call themselves behavioral neuroscientists, neuropsychologists, behavior geneticists, physiological psychologists, or biopsychologists
* Neuron
* a nerve cell
* the basic building block of the nervous system
Neural Communication
* Dendrite
* the bushy, branching extensions of a neuron that receive messages and conduct impulses toward the cell body
* Axon
* the extension of a neuron, ending in branching terminal fibers, through which messages are sent to other neurons or to muscles or glands
* Myelin [MY-uh-lin] Sheath
* a layer of fatty cells segmentally encasing the fibers of many neurons
* enables vastly greater transmission speed of neutral impulses
Neural Communication
Neural Communication
* Action Potential
* a neural impulse;a brief electrical charge that travels down an axon
* generated by the movement of positively charged atoms in and out of channels in the axon's membrane
* Threshold
* the level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse
Neural Communication
Neural Communication
* Synapse [SIN-aps]
* junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of the receiving neuron
* tiny gap at this junction is called the synaptic gap or cleft
* Neurotransmitters
* chemical messengers that traverse the synaptic gaps between neurons
* when released by the sending neuron, neuro-transmitters travel across the synapse and bind to receptor sites on the receiving neuron, thereby influencing whether it will generate a neural impulse
Neural Communication
Neural Communication
Neural Communication
Neural Communication
* Acetylcholine [ah-seat-el-KO-leen]
* a neurotransmitter that, among its functions, triggers muscle contraction
* Endorphins [en-DOR-fins]
* "morphine within"
* natural, opiatelike neurotransmitters
*linked to pain control and to pleasure
Neural Communication
The Nervous System
* Nervous System
* the body's speedy, electrochemical communication system
* consists of all the nerve cells of the peripheral and central nervous systems
* Central Nervous System (CNS)
* the brain and spinal cord
* Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
* the sensory and motor neurons that connect the central nervous system (CNS) to the rest of the body
The Nervous System
The Nervous System
* Nerves
* neural "cables" containing many axons
* part of the peripheral nervous system
* connect the central nervous system with muscles, glands, and sense organs
* Sensory Neurons
* neurons that carry incoming information from the sense receptors to the central nervous system
The Nervous System
* Interneurons
* CNS neurons that internally communicate and intervene between the sensory inputs and motor outputs
* Motor Neurons
* carry outgoing information from the CNS to muscles and glands
* Somatic Nervous System
* the division of the peripheral nervous system that controls the body's skeletal muscles
The Nervous System
* Autonomic Nervous System
* the part of the peripheral nervous system that controls the glands and the muscles of the internal organs (such as the heart)
* Sympathetic Nervous System
* division of the autonomic nervous system that arouses the body, mobilizing its energy in stressful situations
* Parasympathetic Nervous System
* division of the autonomic nervous system that calms the body, conserving its energy
The Nervous System
The Nervous System
The Nervous System
* Reflex
* a simple, automatic, inborn response to a sensory stimulus
The Nervous System
* Neural Networks
* interconnected neural cells
* with experience, networks can learn, as feedback strengthens or inhibits connections that produce certain results
* computer simulations of neural networks show analogous learning
The Brain
* Lesion
* tissue destruction
* a brain lesion is a naturally or experimentally caused destruction of brain tissue
Electroencephalogram (EEG)
* an amplified recording of the waves of electrical activity that sweep across the brain's surface
* these waves are measured by electrodes placed on the scalp
The Brain
* CT (computed tomography) Scan
* a series of x-ray photographs taken from different angles and combined by computer into a composite representation of a slice through the body; also called CAT scan
* PET (positron emission tomography) Scan
* a visual display of brain activity that detects where a radioactive form of glucose goes while the brain performs a given task
* MRI (magnetic resonance imaging)
* a technique that uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce computer-generated images that distinguish among different types of soft tissue; allows us to see structures within the brain
PET Scan
MRI Scan
The Brain
* Brainstem
* the oldest part and central core of the brain, beginning where the spinal cord swells as it enters the skull
* responsible for automatic survival functions
* Medulla [muh-DUL-uh]
* base of the brainstem
* controls heartbeat and breathing
The Brain
The Brain
* Reticular Formation
* a nerve network in the brainstem that plays an important role in controlling arousal
* Thalamus [THAL-uh-muss]
* the brain's sensory switchboard, located on top of the brainstem
* it directs messages to the sensory receiving areas in the cortex and transmits replies to the cerebellum and medulla
The Brain......（后略) ......
附件资料：
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