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Myers' PSYCHOLOGY
Chapter 15
Personality
What is Personality?
* Personality
* an individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting
* basic perspectives
* Psychoanalytic
* Humanistic
The Psychoanalytic Perspective
* From Freud's theory which proposes that childhood sexuality and unconscious motivations influence personality
The Psychoanalytic Perspective
* Psychoanalysis
* Freud's theory of personality that attributes our thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts
* techniques used in treating psychological disorders by seeking to expose and interpret unconscious tensions
The Psychoanalytic Perspective
* Free Association
* in psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconscious
* person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing
The Psychoanalytic Perspective
* Unconscious
* according to Freud, a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings and memories
* contemporary viewpoint- information processing of which we are unaware
Personality Structure
* Id
* contains a reservoir of unconscious psychic energy
* strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives
* operates on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification
Personality Structure
* Superego
* the part of personality that presents internalized ideals
* provides standards for judgement (the conscience) and for future aspirations
Personality Structure
* Ego
* the largely conscious, "executive" part of personality
* mediates among the demands of the id, superego, and reality
* operates on the reality principle, satisfying the id's desires in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain
Personality Structure
* Freud's idea of the mind's structure
Personality Development
* Psychosexual Stages
* the childhood stages of development during which the id's pleasure-seeking energies focus on distinct erogenous zones
* Oedipus Complex
* a boy's sexual desires toward his mother and feelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival father
Personality Development
Personality Development
* Identification
* the process by which children incorporate their parents' values into their developing superegos
* Fixation
* a lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage, where conflicts were unresolved
Defense Mechanisms
* Defense Mechanisms
* the ego's protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality
* Repression
* the basic defense mechanism that banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories from consciousness
Defense Mechanisms
* Regression
* defense mechanism in which an individual faced with anxiety retreats to a more infantile psychosexual stage, where some psychic energy remains fixated
Defense Mechanisms
* Reaction Formation
* defense mechanism by which the ego unconsciously switches unacceptable impulses into their opposites
* people may express feelings that are the opposite of their anxiety-arousing unconscious feelings
Defense Mechanisms
* Projection
* defense mechanism by which people disguise their own threatening impulses by attributing them to others
* Rationalization
* defense mechanism that offers self-justifying explanations in place of the real, more threatening, unconscious reasons for one's actions
Defense Mechanisms
* Displacement
* defense mechanism that shifts sexual or aggressive impulses toward a more acceptable or less threatening object or person
* as when redirecting anger toward a safer outlet
Assessing the Unconscious
* Projective Test
* a personality test, such as the Rorschach or TAT, that provides ambiguous stimuli designed to trigger projection of one's inner dynamics
* Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
* a projective test in which people express their inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes
Assessing the Unconscious--TAT
Assessing the Unconscious
* Rorschach Inkblot Test
* the most widely used projective test
* a set of 10 inkblots designed by Hermann Rorschach
* seeks to identify people's inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of the blots
Assessing the Unconscious--Rorschach
Neo-Freudians
* Alfred Adler
* importance of childhood social tension
* Karen Horney
* sought to balance Freud's masculine biases
* Carl Jung
* emphasized the collective unconscious
* concept of a shared, inherited reservoir of memory traces from our species' history
Humanistic Perspective
* Abraham Maslow (1908-1970)
* studied self-actualization processes of productive and healthy people (e.g., Lincoln)
Humanistic Perspective
* Self-Actualization
* the ultimate psychological need that arises after basic physical and psychological needs are met and self-esteem is achieved
* the motivation to fulfill one's potential
Humanistic Perspective
* Carl Rogers (1902-1987)
* focused on growth and fulfillment of individuals
* genuineness
* acceptance
* empathy
Humanistic Perspective
* Unconditional Positive Regard
* an attitude of total acceptance toward another person
* Self-Concept
* all our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in an answer to the question, "Who am I?"
Contemporary Research-- The Trait Perspective
* Trait
* a characteristic pattern of behavior
* a disposition to feel and act, as assessed by self-report inventories and peer reports
* Personality Inventory
* a questionnaire (often with true-false or agree-disagree items) on which people respond to items designed to gauge a wide range of feelings and behaviors......（后略) ......
Myers' PSYCHOLOGY
Chapter 15
Personality
What is Personality?
* Personality
* an individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting
* basic perspectives
* Psychoanalytic
* Humanistic
The Psychoanalytic Perspective
* From Freud's theory which proposes that childhood sexuality and unconscious motivations influence personality
The Psychoanalytic Perspective
* Psychoanalysis
* Freud's theory of personality that attributes our thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts
* techniques used in treating psychological disorders by seeking to expose and interpret unconscious tensions
The Psychoanalytic Perspective
* Free Association
* in psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconscious
* person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing
The Psychoanalytic Perspective
* Unconscious
* according to Freud, a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings and memories
* contemporary viewpoint- information processing of which we are unaware
Personality Structure
* Id
* contains a reservoir of unconscious psychic energy
* strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives
* operates on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification
Personality Structure
* Superego
* the part of personality that presents internalized ideals
* provides standards for judgement (the conscience) and for future aspirations
Personality Structure
* Ego
* the largely conscious, "executive" part of personality
* mediates among the demands of the id, superego, and reality
* operates on the reality principle, satisfying the id's desires in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain
Personality Structure
* Freud's idea of the mind's structure
Personality Development
* Psychosexual Stages
* the childhood stages of development during which the id's pleasure-seeking energies focus on distinct erogenous zones
* Oedipus Complex
* a boy's sexual desires toward his mother and feelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival father
Personality Development
Personality Development
* Identification
* the process by which children incorporate their parents' values into their developing superegos
* Fixation
* a lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage, where conflicts were unresolved
Defense Mechanisms
* Defense Mechanisms
* the ego's protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality
* Repression
* the basic defense mechanism that banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories from consciousness
Defense Mechanisms
* Regression
* defense mechanism in which an individual faced with anxiety retreats to a more infantile psychosexual stage, where some psychic energy remains fixated
Defense Mechanisms
* Reaction Formation
* defense mechanism by which the ego unconsciously switches unacceptable impulses into their opposites
* people may express feelings that are the opposite of their anxiety-arousing unconscious feelings
Defense Mechanisms
* Projection
* defense mechanism by which people disguise their own threatening impulses by attributing them to others
* Rationalization
* defense mechanism that offers self-justifying explanations in place of the real, more threatening, unconscious reasons for one's actions
Defense Mechanisms
* Displacement
* defense mechanism that shifts sexual or aggressive impulses toward a more acceptable or less threatening object or person
* as when redirecting anger toward a safer outlet
Assessing the Unconscious
* Projective Test
* a personality test, such as the Rorschach or TAT, that provides ambiguous stimuli designed to trigger projection of one's inner dynamics
* Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
* a projective test in which people express their inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes
Assessing the Unconscious--TAT
Assessing the Unconscious
* Rorschach Inkblot Test
* the most widely used projective test
* a set of 10 inkblots designed by Hermann Rorschach
* seeks to identify people's inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of the blots
Assessing the Unconscious--Rorschach
Neo-Freudians
* Alfred Adler
* importance of childhood social tension
* Karen Horney
* sought to balance Freud's masculine biases
* Carl Jung
* emphasized the collective unconscious
* concept of a shared, inherited reservoir of memory traces from our species' history
Humanistic Perspective
* Abraham Maslow (1908-1970)
* studied self-actualization processes of productive and healthy people (e.g., Lincoln)
Humanistic Perspective
* Self-Actualization
* the ultimate psychological need that arises after basic physical and psychological needs are met and self-esteem is achieved
* the motivation to fulfill one's potential
Humanistic Perspective
* Carl Rogers (1902-1987)
* focused on growth and fulfillment of individuals
* genuineness
* acceptance
* empathy
Humanistic Perspective
* Unconditional Positive Regard
* an attitude of total acceptance toward another person
* Self-Concept
* all our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in an answer to the question, "Who am I?"
Contemporary Research-- The Trait Perspective
* Trait
* a characteristic pattern of behavior
* a disposition to feel and act, as assessed by self-report inventories and peer reports
* Personality Inventory
* a questionnaire (often with true-false or agree-disagree items) on which people respond to items designed to gauge a wide range of feelings and behaviors......（后略) ......
附件资料：
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