Hepcidin levels in humans are correlated with hepatic iron stores, hemoglobin levels, and hepatic function
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《血液学杂志》
the Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (INSeRM), U522, Rennes, France
IFR 140, Universite de Rennes 1, Rennes, France
Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA
Department of Visceral Surgery, Department of Pathology, Laboratory of General Biochemistry and enzymology
Liver Disease Department, University Hospital Pontchaillou, Rennes, France.
Abstract
Hepcidin, a key regulator of iron metabolism, is synthesized by the liver. Hepcidin binds to the iron exporter ferroportin to regulate the release of iron into plasma from macrophages, hepatocytes, and enterocytes. We analyzed liver samples from patients undergoing hepatic surgery for cancer or receiving liver transplants and analyzed correlations between clinical parameters and liver hepcidin mRNA and urinary hepcidin concentrations. Despite the many potential confounding influences, urinary hepcidin concentrations significantly correlated with hepatic hepcidin mRNA concentrations, indicating that hepcidin quantification in urine is a valid approach to evaluate hepcidin expression. Moreover, we found in humans that hepcidin levels correlated with hepatic iron stores and hemoglobin levels and may also be affected by hepatic dysfunction. (Blood. 2005;106:746-748)
Introduction
Hepcidin is a peptide found in human plasma and urine1,2 and synthesized in the liver.1-3 Studies in mice, humans, and cell cultures demonstrated that hepcidin mRNA levels were regulated by iron stores,3 inflammation,3,4-6 anemia, and hypoxia,4 and influenced by the mouse strain and sex and transcription factors involved in hepatocyte differentiation.7,8 Hepcidin-deficient mice accumulated iron in the liver and pancreas9 and mice engineered to overexpress hepcidin were born with severe iron deficiency that was not corrected by iron supplementation.10 Taken together these data suggested that hepcidin was a hormone involved in the regulation of iron metabolism.9 Studies of patients with iron disorders demonstrated the involvement of hepcidin in regulation of iron metabolism during juvenile hemochromatosis,11 classical HFe-related hemochromatosis,12,13 and chronic inflammatory diseases.5,14 Hepcidin appears to act by inhibiting cellular iron export through binding directly to the iron exporter ferroportin and inducing its internalization and degradation.15
Recent understanding of iron metabolism in mice is based on measurements of hepatic hepcidin mRNA, whereas the corresponding human studies examine urinary hepcidin concentrations. We examined the correlation between hepcidin mRNA and urinary hepcidin concentrations in the context of human liver disease.
Study design
Patients
Thirty-six patients, who were operated on for primary or secondary liver carcinoma or received transplants for cirrhosis, were included in this study. The patients with known HFe genetic hemochromatosis, expected to exhibit abnormal hepcidin regulation,12,16 were excluded. The study was approved by the local ethics committee (CCPPRB) and informed consent was obtained from the patients.
each patient we collected clinical data and serum, urine, and nontumoral liver samples. Liver tissues were frozen in liquid nitrogen or fixed in formalin for histologic studies. The hepatic fibrosis status was evaluated according to the Metavir score17; 20 samples had no or slight fibrosis, 7 samples were moderately fibrotic, and 9 samples were strongly fibrotic or cirrhotic.
Methods
Clinical laboratory studies. Clinical laboratory assays were performed at the Rennes University Hospital. The liver iron concentration (LIC) was evaluated as described previously.18
Quantitative RT-PCR. Total RNAs were extracted using the SV Total RNA Isolation System (Promega, Madison, WI). Quality-checked RNA (1 μg) was used for reverse transcription (RT) following the manufacturer's protocol (Advantage RT-for-PCR Kit, Clontech, Palo Alto, CA). We performed polymerase chain reactions (PCRs) in triplicate to evaluate the hepcidin expression in each sample compared with the RNA 18S expression and with a standard set using the qPCR-Core-kit according to the manufacturer's instructions (eurogentec, Seraing, Belgium). Primer and probe sequences used for the hepcidin amplification were: forward primer 5'-TCCCACAACAGACGGGACAA-3', reverse 5'-AGCAGCCGCAGCAGAAAAT-3' and FAM/TAMRA probe 5'-CCATGTTCCAGAGGCGAAGGAGGC-3'. The amplified 137-bp PCR fragment was checked by sequencing. For RNA 18S amplification we used the 18S genomic control kit (eurogentec). The PCR was run on ABI PRISM 7000 sequence detection system (Applied Bioscience, London, United Kingdom): 95°C for 10 minutes followed by 40 cycles of 95°C for 15 seconds and 60°C for 1 minute.
Data analysis. For each sample, hepcidin mRNA threshold cycle (Ct) value was normalized with 18S RNA Ct value and compared to value of a standard sample (mix of 4 liver samples exhibiting readily detectable level of hepcidin mRNA as previously analyzed by Northern blot). Results were expressed in log 2 of ratio sample versus standard and noted for convenience in arbitrary units (AU).
Hepcidin assay. Urinary hepcidin assay was performed as previously described5 and hepcidin concentration in urine expressed as nanograms hepcidin per milligrams creatinine. Because the lower detection limit of the urinary hepcidin assay is 1 ng/mg creatinine, we attributed a value of 1 ng/mg creatinine to samples with lower value.
Statistical analysis. The statistical analysis was performed on Statview software (SAS institute, Cary, NC) using nonparametric tests. P less than .05 was considered significant.
Results and discussion
Hepcidin mRNA expression is correlated with the urinary hepcidin level
Hepcidin mRNA and urinary hepcidin levels appeared to be positively correlated (Figure 1A), with levels of both parameters increasing in parallel. This result demonstrates that the urinary hepcidin assay can be considered a valid reflection of hepatic hepcidin production. The correlation, however, was not ideal, possibly related to the inclusion of patients with fibrosis, which could have modified the relationship due to the heterogeneity of the liver in such cases. This interpretation is supported by improved correlation between hepcidin mRNA and urinary hepcidin (Figure 1B) when patients with more than slight fibrosis were excluded. In the nonfibrotic group, the correlation could be partly obscured by (1) additional regulatory mechanisms during translation, secretion, and urinary excretion processes; (2) detection limits of the present urinary hepcidin assay; and (3) the acute effects of anesthesia and surgery that could selectively influence hepatic hepcidin mRNA concentrations but not urinary hepcidin concentrations.
Hepatic hepcidin mRNA level, urinary hepcidin level, and clinical parameters
As judged by laboratory studies, our patients displayed a broad range of inflammation status and iron loading (Table 1). The analysis of the relationship between hepcidin mRNA, urinary hepcidin, and other clinical data led us to identify significant correlations, involving iron status, hematologic parameters, and hepatic functional status (Table 1).
Thus, LIC appeared to be significantly correlated not only with hepcidin mRNA, as previously reported in untreated hemochromatotic patients,12 but also with urinary hepcidin levels (Figure 1D). In addition, urinary hepcidin was correlated with ferritinemia as previously documented.5 In a group of patients not selected for diseases of iron metabolism12 or inflammatory disorders,5 these observations document a relationship between hepatic iron and urinary hepcidin levels. However, in our population the 2 hepcidin parameters did not significantly correlate with either serum iron concentration or with transferrin saturation.
Our study also demonstrates a relationship between hemoglobin level and hepcidin mRNA expression (Figure 1e), supporting the hypothesis of an impact of anemia or hypoxia (or both) on hepcidin mRNA expression, as reported in mice.4 However, we did not find a significant correlation between erythroid parameters and urinary hepcidin concentration, suggesting again additional regulatory mechanisms.
Surprisingly, we did not find a relationship between hepcidin expression and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels, an indicator of inflammatory state. The heterogeneity of our population, the small number of patients exhibiting high CRP levels, the possible lack of CRP sensitivity for expressing hepatic inflammatory status, and the presence of confounding regulatory factors could partly explain this result.
Finally, we found that parameters reflecting hepatic function were correlated with hepcidin levels (Figure 1F-H). Thus, serum albumin was positively correlated with hepcidin mRNA levels, whereas fibrosis status was negatively correlated with hepcidin mRNA and urinary hepcidin levels. Taken together, these results suggest that hepatic function and the effects of disease processes on hepatocytes could modulate iron metabolism. This hypothesis is reinforced within the subgroup of 20 patients with no or slight fibrosis, which exhibits an improvement of the correlations, especially those involving urinary hepcidin with LIC (rho = 0.632; P < .01) and ferritin (rho = 0.755; P < .001). In addition, a relationship between hepcidin mRNA and ferritinemia appears in this group (rho = 0.515; P < .03), as previously described.13 Conversely, all these correlations disappeared in the patient subgroup exhibiting high levels of fibrosis or cirrhosis.
In conclusion, our results demonstrate that urinary hepcidin levels reflect hepatic hepcidin mRNA expression. Moreover, despite the heterogeneity of our patients, they show in humans a relationship between hepcidin levels, hepatic iron stores, hemoglobin level, and hepatic function. With further refinement, hepcidin assays could contribute to the diagnosis and improved understanding of the pathophysiology of iron disorders.
Acknowledgements
We thank the Biological Resource Centre (BRC) of Rennes for the supplying of human biologic samples and Medhi Alizadeh for helpful discussion.
Footnotes
Prepublished online as Blood First edition Paper, March 29, 2005; DOI 10.1182/blood-2004-12-4855.
Supported by a PHRC regional grant (R09-01) and by the QLRT-2001-00444 eC contract.
The publication costs of this article were defrayed in part by page charge payment. Therefore, and solely to indicate this fact, this article is hereby marked "advertisement" in accordance with 18 U.S.C. section 1734.
References
Krause A, Neitz S, Magert HJ, et al. LeAP-1, a novel highly disulfide-bonded human peptide, exhibits antimicrobial activity. FeBS Lett. 2000;480: 147-150.
Park CH, Valore eV, Waring AJ, Ganz T. Hepcidin, a urinary antimicrobial peptide synthesized in the liver. J Biol Chem. 2001;276: 7806-7810.
Pigeon C, Ilyin G, Courselaud B, et al. A new mouse liver-specific gene, encoding a protein homologous to human antimicrobial peptide hepcidin, is overexpressed during iron overload. J Biol Chem. 2001;276: 7811-7819.
Nicolas G, Chauvet C, Viatte L, et al. The gene encoding the iron regulatory peptide hepcidin is regulated by anemia, hypoxia, and inflammation. J Clin Invest. 2002;110: 1037-1044.
Nemeth e, Valore eV, Territo M, Schiller G, Lichtenstein A, Ganz T. Hepcidin, a putative mediator of anemia of inflammation, is a type II acutephase protein. Blood. 2003;101: 2461-2463.
Nemeth e, Rivera S, Gabayan V, et al. IL-6 mediates hypoferremia of inflammation by inducing the synthesis of the iron regulatory hormone hepcidin. J Clin Invest. 2004;113: 1271-1276.
Courselaud B, Pigeon C, Inoue Y, et al. C/eBP alpha regulates hepatic transcription of hepcidin, an antimicrobial peptide and regulator of iron metabolism. Cross-talk between C/eBP pathway and iron metabolism. J Biol Chem. 2002;277: 41163-41170.
Courselaud B, Troadec MB, Fruchon S, et al. Strain and gender modulate hepatic hepcidin 1 and 2 mRNA expression in mice. Blood Cells Mol Dis. 2004;32: 283-289.
Nicolas G, Bennoun M, Devaux I, et al. Lack of hepcidin gene expression and severe tissue iron overload in upstream stimulatory factor 2 (USF2) knockout mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2001;98: 8780-8785.
Nicolas G, Bennoun M, Porteu A, et al. Severe iron deficiency anemia in transgenic mice expressing liver hepcidin. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2002;99: 4596-4601.
Roetto A, Papanikolaou G, Politou M, et al. Mutant antimicrobial peptide hepcidin is associated with severe juvenile hemochromatosis. Nat Genet. 2003;33: 21-22.
Bridle KR, Frazer DM, Wilkins SJ, et al. Disrupted hepcidin regulation in HFe-associated haemochromatosis and the liver as a regulator of body iron homoeostasis. Lancet. 2003;361: 669-673.
Gehrke SG, Kulaksiz H, Herrmann T, et al. expression of hepcidin in hereditary hemochromatosis: evidence for a regulation in response to serum transferrin saturation and non-transferrin-bound iron. Blood. 2003;102: 371-376.
Weinstein DA, Roy CN, Fleming MD, Loda MF, Wolfsdorf JI, Andrews NC. Inappropriate expression of hepcidin is associated with iron refractory anemia: implications for the anemia of chronic disease. Blood. 2002;100: 3776-3781.
Nemeth e, Tuttle MS, Powelson J, et al. Hepcidin regulates iron efflux by binding to ferroportin and inducing its internalization. Science. 2004;279: 51739-51744.
Ahmad KA, Ahmann JR, Migas MC, et al. Decreased liver hepcidin expression in the Hfe knockout mouse. Blood Cells Mol Dis. 2002;29: 361-366.
Bedossa P, Poynard T. An algorithm for the grading of activity in chronic hepatitis C. The MeTAVIR Cooperative Study Group. Hepatology. 1996;24: 289-293.
Barry M, Sherlock S. Measurement of liver-iron concentration in needle biopsy specimens. Lancet. 1971;2: 100-103.(Lena?ck Detivaud, elizabe)
IFR 140, Universite de Rennes 1, Rennes, France
Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA
Department of Visceral Surgery, Department of Pathology, Laboratory of General Biochemistry and enzymology
Liver Disease Department, University Hospital Pontchaillou, Rennes, France.
Abstract
Hepcidin, a key regulator of iron metabolism, is synthesized by the liver. Hepcidin binds to the iron exporter ferroportin to regulate the release of iron into plasma from macrophages, hepatocytes, and enterocytes. We analyzed liver samples from patients undergoing hepatic surgery for cancer or receiving liver transplants and analyzed correlations between clinical parameters and liver hepcidin mRNA and urinary hepcidin concentrations. Despite the many potential confounding influences, urinary hepcidin concentrations significantly correlated with hepatic hepcidin mRNA concentrations, indicating that hepcidin quantification in urine is a valid approach to evaluate hepcidin expression. Moreover, we found in humans that hepcidin levels correlated with hepatic iron stores and hemoglobin levels and may also be affected by hepatic dysfunction. (Blood. 2005;106:746-748)
Introduction
Hepcidin is a peptide found in human plasma and urine1,2 and synthesized in the liver.1-3 Studies in mice, humans, and cell cultures demonstrated that hepcidin mRNA levels were regulated by iron stores,3 inflammation,3,4-6 anemia, and hypoxia,4 and influenced by the mouse strain and sex and transcription factors involved in hepatocyte differentiation.7,8 Hepcidin-deficient mice accumulated iron in the liver and pancreas9 and mice engineered to overexpress hepcidin were born with severe iron deficiency that was not corrected by iron supplementation.10 Taken together these data suggested that hepcidin was a hormone involved in the regulation of iron metabolism.9 Studies of patients with iron disorders demonstrated the involvement of hepcidin in regulation of iron metabolism during juvenile hemochromatosis,11 classical HFe-related hemochromatosis,12,13 and chronic inflammatory diseases.5,14 Hepcidin appears to act by inhibiting cellular iron export through binding directly to the iron exporter ferroportin and inducing its internalization and degradation.15
Recent understanding of iron metabolism in mice is based on measurements of hepatic hepcidin mRNA, whereas the corresponding human studies examine urinary hepcidin concentrations. We examined the correlation between hepcidin mRNA and urinary hepcidin concentrations in the context of human liver disease.
Study design
Patients
Thirty-six patients, who were operated on for primary or secondary liver carcinoma or received transplants for cirrhosis, were included in this study. The patients with known HFe genetic hemochromatosis, expected to exhibit abnormal hepcidin regulation,12,16 were excluded. The study was approved by the local ethics committee (CCPPRB) and informed consent was obtained from the patients.
each patient we collected clinical data and serum, urine, and nontumoral liver samples. Liver tissues were frozen in liquid nitrogen or fixed in formalin for histologic studies. The hepatic fibrosis status was evaluated according to the Metavir score17; 20 samples had no or slight fibrosis, 7 samples were moderately fibrotic, and 9 samples were strongly fibrotic or cirrhotic.
Methods
Clinical laboratory studies. Clinical laboratory assays were performed at the Rennes University Hospital. The liver iron concentration (LIC) was evaluated as described previously.18
Quantitative RT-PCR. Total RNAs were extracted using the SV Total RNA Isolation System (Promega, Madison, WI). Quality-checked RNA (1 μg) was used for reverse transcription (RT) following the manufacturer's protocol (Advantage RT-for-PCR Kit, Clontech, Palo Alto, CA). We performed polymerase chain reactions (PCRs) in triplicate to evaluate the hepcidin expression in each sample compared with the RNA 18S expression and with a standard set using the qPCR-Core-kit according to the manufacturer's instructions (eurogentec, Seraing, Belgium). Primer and probe sequences used for the hepcidin amplification were: forward primer 5'-TCCCACAACAGACGGGACAA-3', reverse 5'-AGCAGCCGCAGCAGAAAAT-3' and FAM/TAMRA probe 5'-CCATGTTCCAGAGGCGAAGGAGGC-3'. The amplified 137-bp PCR fragment was checked by sequencing. For RNA 18S amplification we used the 18S genomic control kit (eurogentec). The PCR was run on ABI PRISM 7000 sequence detection system (Applied Bioscience, London, United Kingdom): 95°C for 10 minutes followed by 40 cycles of 95°C for 15 seconds and 60°C for 1 minute.
Data analysis. For each sample, hepcidin mRNA threshold cycle (Ct) value was normalized with 18S RNA Ct value and compared to value of a standard sample (mix of 4 liver samples exhibiting readily detectable level of hepcidin mRNA as previously analyzed by Northern blot). Results were expressed in log 2 of ratio sample versus standard and noted for convenience in arbitrary units (AU).
Hepcidin assay. Urinary hepcidin assay was performed as previously described5 and hepcidin concentration in urine expressed as nanograms hepcidin per milligrams creatinine. Because the lower detection limit of the urinary hepcidin assay is 1 ng/mg creatinine, we attributed a value of 1 ng/mg creatinine to samples with lower value.
Statistical analysis. The statistical analysis was performed on Statview software (SAS institute, Cary, NC) using nonparametric tests. P less than .05 was considered significant.
Results and discussion
Hepcidin mRNA expression is correlated with the urinary hepcidin level
Hepcidin mRNA and urinary hepcidin levels appeared to be positively correlated (Figure 1A), with levels of both parameters increasing in parallel. This result demonstrates that the urinary hepcidin assay can be considered a valid reflection of hepatic hepcidin production. The correlation, however, was not ideal, possibly related to the inclusion of patients with fibrosis, which could have modified the relationship due to the heterogeneity of the liver in such cases. This interpretation is supported by improved correlation between hepcidin mRNA and urinary hepcidin (Figure 1B) when patients with more than slight fibrosis were excluded. In the nonfibrotic group, the correlation could be partly obscured by (1) additional regulatory mechanisms during translation, secretion, and urinary excretion processes; (2) detection limits of the present urinary hepcidin assay; and (3) the acute effects of anesthesia and surgery that could selectively influence hepatic hepcidin mRNA concentrations but not urinary hepcidin concentrations.
Hepatic hepcidin mRNA level, urinary hepcidin level, and clinical parameters
As judged by laboratory studies, our patients displayed a broad range of inflammation status and iron loading (Table 1). The analysis of the relationship between hepcidin mRNA, urinary hepcidin, and other clinical data led us to identify significant correlations, involving iron status, hematologic parameters, and hepatic functional status (Table 1).
Thus, LIC appeared to be significantly correlated not only with hepcidin mRNA, as previously reported in untreated hemochromatotic patients,12 but also with urinary hepcidin levels (Figure 1D). In addition, urinary hepcidin was correlated with ferritinemia as previously documented.5 In a group of patients not selected for diseases of iron metabolism12 or inflammatory disorders,5 these observations document a relationship between hepatic iron and urinary hepcidin levels. However, in our population the 2 hepcidin parameters did not significantly correlate with either serum iron concentration or with transferrin saturation.
Our study also demonstrates a relationship between hemoglobin level and hepcidin mRNA expression (Figure 1e), supporting the hypothesis of an impact of anemia or hypoxia (or both) on hepcidin mRNA expression, as reported in mice.4 However, we did not find a significant correlation between erythroid parameters and urinary hepcidin concentration, suggesting again additional regulatory mechanisms.
Surprisingly, we did not find a relationship between hepcidin expression and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels, an indicator of inflammatory state. The heterogeneity of our population, the small number of patients exhibiting high CRP levels, the possible lack of CRP sensitivity for expressing hepatic inflammatory status, and the presence of confounding regulatory factors could partly explain this result.
Finally, we found that parameters reflecting hepatic function were correlated with hepcidin levels (Figure 1F-H). Thus, serum albumin was positively correlated with hepcidin mRNA levels, whereas fibrosis status was negatively correlated with hepcidin mRNA and urinary hepcidin levels. Taken together, these results suggest that hepatic function and the effects of disease processes on hepatocytes could modulate iron metabolism. This hypothesis is reinforced within the subgroup of 20 patients with no or slight fibrosis, which exhibits an improvement of the correlations, especially those involving urinary hepcidin with LIC (rho = 0.632; P < .01) and ferritin (rho = 0.755; P < .001). In addition, a relationship between hepcidin mRNA and ferritinemia appears in this group (rho = 0.515; P < .03), as previously described.13 Conversely, all these correlations disappeared in the patient subgroup exhibiting high levels of fibrosis or cirrhosis.
In conclusion, our results demonstrate that urinary hepcidin levels reflect hepatic hepcidin mRNA expression. Moreover, despite the heterogeneity of our patients, they show in humans a relationship between hepcidin levels, hepatic iron stores, hemoglobin level, and hepatic function. With further refinement, hepcidin assays could contribute to the diagnosis and improved understanding of the pathophysiology of iron disorders.
Acknowledgements
We thank the Biological Resource Centre (BRC) of Rennes for the supplying of human biologic samples and Medhi Alizadeh for helpful discussion.
Footnotes
Prepublished online as Blood First edition Paper, March 29, 2005; DOI 10.1182/blood-2004-12-4855.
Supported by a PHRC regional grant (R09-01) and by the QLRT-2001-00444 eC contract.
The publication costs of this article were defrayed in part by page charge payment. Therefore, and solely to indicate this fact, this article is hereby marked "advertisement" in accordance with 18 U.S.C. section 1734.
References
Krause A, Neitz S, Magert HJ, et al. LeAP-1, a novel highly disulfide-bonded human peptide, exhibits antimicrobial activity. FeBS Lett. 2000;480: 147-150.
Park CH, Valore eV, Waring AJ, Ganz T. Hepcidin, a urinary antimicrobial peptide synthesized in the liver. J Biol Chem. 2001;276: 7806-7810.
Pigeon C, Ilyin G, Courselaud B, et al. A new mouse liver-specific gene, encoding a protein homologous to human antimicrobial peptide hepcidin, is overexpressed during iron overload. J Biol Chem. 2001;276: 7811-7819.
Nicolas G, Chauvet C, Viatte L, et al. The gene encoding the iron regulatory peptide hepcidin is regulated by anemia, hypoxia, and inflammation. J Clin Invest. 2002;110: 1037-1044.
Nemeth e, Valore eV, Territo M, Schiller G, Lichtenstein A, Ganz T. Hepcidin, a putative mediator of anemia of inflammation, is a type II acutephase protein. Blood. 2003;101: 2461-2463.
Nemeth e, Rivera S, Gabayan V, et al. IL-6 mediates hypoferremia of inflammation by inducing the synthesis of the iron regulatory hormone hepcidin. J Clin Invest. 2004;113: 1271-1276.
Courselaud B, Pigeon C, Inoue Y, et al. C/eBP alpha regulates hepatic transcription of hepcidin, an antimicrobial peptide and regulator of iron metabolism. Cross-talk between C/eBP pathway and iron metabolism. J Biol Chem. 2002;277: 41163-41170.
Courselaud B, Troadec MB, Fruchon S, et al. Strain and gender modulate hepatic hepcidin 1 and 2 mRNA expression in mice. Blood Cells Mol Dis. 2004;32: 283-289.
Nicolas G, Bennoun M, Devaux I, et al. Lack of hepcidin gene expression and severe tissue iron overload in upstream stimulatory factor 2 (USF2) knockout mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2001;98: 8780-8785.
Nicolas G, Bennoun M, Porteu A, et al. Severe iron deficiency anemia in transgenic mice expressing liver hepcidin. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2002;99: 4596-4601.
Roetto A, Papanikolaou G, Politou M, et al. Mutant antimicrobial peptide hepcidin is associated with severe juvenile hemochromatosis. Nat Genet. 2003;33: 21-22.
Bridle KR, Frazer DM, Wilkins SJ, et al. Disrupted hepcidin regulation in HFe-associated haemochromatosis and the liver as a regulator of body iron homoeostasis. Lancet. 2003;361: 669-673.
Gehrke SG, Kulaksiz H, Herrmann T, et al. expression of hepcidin in hereditary hemochromatosis: evidence for a regulation in response to serum transferrin saturation and non-transferrin-bound iron. Blood. 2003;102: 371-376.
Weinstein DA, Roy CN, Fleming MD, Loda MF, Wolfsdorf JI, Andrews NC. Inappropriate expression of hepcidin is associated with iron refractory anemia: implications for the anemia of chronic disease. Blood. 2002;100: 3776-3781.
Nemeth e, Tuttle MS, Powelson J, et al. Hepcidin regulates iron efflux by binding to ferroportin and inducing its internalization. Science. 2004;279: 51739-51744.
Ahmad KA, Ahmann JR, Migas MC, et al. Decreased liver hepcidin expression in the Hfe knockout mouse. Blood Cells Mol Dis. 2002;29: 361-366.
Bedossa P, Poynard T. An algorithm for the grading of activity in chronic hepatitis C. The MeTAVIR Cooperative Study Group. Hepatology. 1996;24: 289-293.
Barry M, Sherlock S. Measurement of liver-iron concentration in needle biopsy specimens. Lancet. 1971;2: 100-103.(Lena?ck Detivaud, elizabe)