Adenoviral Gene Transfer of Mutant Phospholamban Rescues Contractile Dysfunction in Failing Rabbit Myocytes With Relatively Preserved SERCA
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循环研究杂志 2005年第4期
the Department of Physiology (M.T.Z., J.L.M., J.B., D.M.B.), Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, Ill
the Department of Medicine (S.M.P.), University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Ill.
Abstract
In heart failure (HF) a main factor in reduced contractility is reduced SR Ca2+ content and reversed force-frequency response (FFR), ie, from positive to negative. Our arrhythmogenic rabbit HF model exhibits decreased contractility mainly due to an increase in Na/Ca exchange (NCX) activity (with only modest decrease in SR Ca2+-ATPase (SERCA) function), similar to many end-stage HF patients. Here we test whether phospholamban (PLB) inhibition using a dominant-negative mutant PLB adenovirus (K3E/R14E, AdPLB-dn, with -galactosidase adenovirus as control) could enhance SERCA function and restore Ca2+ transients and positive FFR in ventricular myocytes from these HF rabbits. HF myocytes infected with AdPLB-dn (versus control) had enhanced Ca2+ transient amplitude (2.0±0.1 versus 1.6±0.05 F/Fo at 0.5 Hz, P<0.05) and had a positive FFR, whereas acutely isolated HF myocytes or those infected with Adgal had negative FFR. Ca2+ transients declined faster in AdPLB-dn versus Adgal myocytes (RT50%: 317±29 versus 551±90 ms at 0.5 Hz, P<0.05) and had an increased SR Ca2+ load (3.5±0.3 versus 2.6±0.2 F/Fo at 0.5 Hz, P<0.05), indicative of increased SERCA function. Furthermore, this restoration of function was not due to changes in NCX or SERCA expression. Thus, increasing SERCA activity in failing myocytes by AdPLB-dn gene transfer reversed the contractile dysfunction (and restored positive FFR) by increasing SR Ca2+ load. This approach could enhance contractile function in failing hearts of various etiologies, even here where reduced SERCA activity is not the main dysfunction.
Key Words: heart failure gene transfer SERCA phospholamban
Introduction
Heart failure (HF) is characterized by a reversed force frequency response (FFR), ie, positive to negative.1 This has been attributed to alterations in the expression and/or function of the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca2+ ATPase (SERCA)2 and reduced SR Ca2+ content.3
Transgenic and adenoviral gene transfer approaches to increase SERCA activity, either by increasing SERCA levels4 or decreasing inhibition by phospholamban (PLB; by PLB knockout, PLB antisense, or a pseudophosphorylated PLB mutant)4eC6 can prevent the development of HF7,8 and increase contractility,4eC6 although mechanistic information was limited.
Not all HF exhibits decreased SERCA expression and/or function, and Hasenfuss et al9 showed that nearly half of HF patients exhibit relatively preserved SERCA function but greatly increased Na+/Ca2+ exchanger (NCX) function. This is analogous to our nonischemic rabbit HF model, where contractile function and SR Ca2+ load are reduced mainly because of increased NCX function rather than depressed SERCA function or SR Ca2+ leak.10eC12
It is unclear whether enhancement of SERCA function would be beneficial in myocytes during chronic HF and where SERCA is not the main dysfunction. Thus, the purpose of this study was to determine whether (and how) increasing SERCA function, via ectopic expression of a PLB dominant-negative mutant, can reverse contractile dysfunction.
Materials and Methods
Rabbit Heart Failure Model and Cardiac Myocyte Isolation
In New Zealand White rabbits, HF was induced by aortic insufficiency and 2 to 4 weeks later by aortic constriction.10,11 HF progression was assessed by echocardiography and rabbits were studied 7.1±1.9 months after aortic constriction when LV end-systolic dimension exceeded 1.4 cm.11 Left ventricular (LV) myocytes were isolated as previously described.10,11
Adenoviral Gene Transfer and Cell Culture
HF myocytes were cultured for adenoviral infection in modified M199 medium for 24 to 36 hours after infection. Myocytes were infected with adenovirus (MOI=100 to 200, 1 to 2 hour infection) encoding either -galactosidase (Adgal, served as control) or a dominant-negative PLB mutant [AdPLB-dn, with amino acid substitutions at positions 3 and 14 (K3E/R14E), which inhibits PLB function].13
Western Blots
Antibodies for PLB (Badrilla), SERCA (Affinity Bioreagents), and NCX (Affinity Bioregants) were used and data normalized to sarcomeric -actin (Sigma).10
Measurement of Ca2+ Transients
Myocytes were field-stimulated and superfused with (in mmol/L): 140 NaCl, 4 KCl, 1 MgCl2, 2 CaCl2, 10 glucose, and 5 HEPES (pH=7.4). [Ca2+]i was measured by Fluo-3 epifluorescence with excitation at 480 nm and emission at 530 nm, with recorded fluorescence (F) normalized to baseline fluorescence (Fo).14
Results
HF Rabbits
HF rabbits exhibited significant depression of LV systolic function; with increases in both LV end-diastolic (by 50%) and end-systolic dimension (by 73%; P<0.001) and a 27% decrease in LV fractional shortening (P<0.01 versus baseline).
AdPLB-dn Enhances Ca2+ Transients, Force-Frequency Response, and SR Ca2+ Load
Cells exposed to AdPLB-dn (versus Adgal) showed increased PLB expression and the characteristic13 decrease in electrophoretic mobility of pentamers in Western blots (Figure 1A). In addition, infection with AdPLB-dn or Adgal did not alter expression of either NCX or SERCA2a versus acutely isolated HF myocytes (Figure 1B).
Figure 1C and 1D shows that steady-state Ca2+ transient amplitude in HF myocytes was increased by 58% after AdPLB-dn versus Adgal infection. Notably, Adgal had similar Ca2+ transient amplitude compared with acutely isolated noncultured, noninfected HF myocytes (from the same HF hearts used for adenoviral infection). Figure 1E shows that HF myocytes acutely isolated or infected with Adgal displayed the negative FFR typical of HF, whereas HF myocytes infected with AdPLB-dn had a positive FFR.
We also assessed whether the enhanced function in AdPLB-dn is due to increased SERCA function and SR Ca2+ load (despite unaltered SERCA or NCX expression). The rate constant of [Ca2+]i decline in myocytes infected with AdPLB-dn was 42% faster than that in Adgal (Figure 2A), consistent with enhanced SERCA function. Likewise, SR Ca2+ content was significantly increased in AdPLB-dn versus Adgal (Figure 2B).
Discussion
HF myocytes typically demonstrate decreased SR Ca2+ load, Ca2+ transient amplitude, and a negative FFR.1,10,12 Although this is frequently attributed to decreased SR Ca2+ uptake and SERCA function,2,3 reduced SR Ca2+ load in HF models and human HF can arise from upregulation of the NCX.9,10 Moreover, adenoviral overexpression of NCX in normal rabbit ventricular myocytes decreased SR Ca2+ content and Ca2+ transients.15
In this study, we found that, even after HF development, inhibition of PLB function enhanced Ca2+ transient amplitude, rate of [Ca2+]i decline, and SR Ca2+ content and restored a positive FFR in LV HF myocytes (without altered NCX or SERCA expression). This HF model exhibits severely depressed LV and myocyte function and reduced SR Ca2+ content, 2-fold upregulation of NCX expression and function, enhanced SR Ca2+ leak, and unchanged SERCA expression (but detailed quantitative analysis resolved a 24% decrease in SERCA function).10eC12 The main cause of depressed SR Ca2+ content was found to be the increased NCX function (not altered SERCA or SR Ca2+ leak).12
We show, for the first time in HF myocytes, that PLB inhibition increased SR Ca2+ load and restored a positive FFR, which can explain most of the beneficial effects observed by us and others.4eC8 This indicates that enhanced SERCA function can overcome the NCX upregulation and functional normalization of Ca2+ transients.
As in HF myocytes, nonfailing rabbit ventricular myocytes also showed significantly enhanced Ca2+ transient amplitude (by 43%) and rate of [Ca]i decline (by 20%), as previously reported.13 Precisely how this dominant-negative PLB effect is mediated is unclear, but it may either sequester endogenous PLB in pentameric form (Figure 1A) relieving SERCA of inhibition, or displace endogenous PLB from SERCA2 (without inhibiting the pump itself). A quantitative limitation is that we cannot assess the effect of AdPLB-dn on endogenous PLB expression because the antibody used recognizes both endogenous and mutant PLB.
SERCA function in HF can be stimulated by either SERCA overexpression or interfering with the inhibition of SERCA by PLB (PLB knockout or by viral gene transfer of antisense PLB RNA or of a pseudophophorylated form of PLB mutant). These can all improve myocyte and cardiac contractile function and prevent the development or progression of HF, including in some animal models of HF.4eC8 Our data indicates that we are able to restore contractility even long after the onset of HF. In addition, it may be more advantageous to inhibit PLB function versus SERCA overexpression because too much SERCA may increase cytosolic Ca2+ buffering and accelerate [Ca]i decline in a manner that limits myofilament activation.16 Inhibition of the NCX may also be beneficial,17 but excessive NCX inhibition may prevent necessary Ca2+ removal from the cell. Our results attest to the potential of PLB as a therapeutic target for the treatment of HF even when reduced SERCA activity is not the major abnormality.
In conclusion, enhanced SERCA function via gene transfer of a dominant-negative PLB mutant reversed the contractile dysfunction in HF myocytes by increasing SR Ca2+ load and restoring the positive FFR. This may justify future tests of this rescue approach in vivo.
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by NIH grants HL46929 and HL73966 (S.M.P.) and HL64724 and HL30077 (D.M.B.).
References
Rossman EI, Petre RE, Chaudhary KW, Piacentino V III, Janssen PML, Gaughan JP, Houser SR, Margulies KB. Abnormal frequency-dependent responses represent the pathophysiological signature of contractile failure in human myocardium. J Mol Cell Cardiol. 2004; 36: 33eC42.
Kubo H, Margulies KB, Piacentino V III, Gaughan JP, Houser SR. Patients with end-stage congestive heart failure treated with -adrenergic receptor antagonists have improved ventricular myocyte calcium regulatory protein abundance. Circulation. 2001; 104: 1012eC1018.
Piacentino V III, Weber CR, Chen X, Weisser-Thomas J, Margulies KB, Bers DM, Houser SR. Cellular basis of abnormal calcium transients of failing human ventricular myocytes. Circ Res. 2003; 92: 651eC658.
Del Monte F, Harding SE, Dec GW, Gwathmey JK, Hajjar RJ. Targeting phospholamban by gene transfer. Circulation. 2002; 105: 904eC907.
Iwanaga Y, Hoshijima M, Gu Y, Iwatate M, Dieterle T, Ikeda Y, Date MO, Chrast J, Matsuzaki M, Peterson KL, Chien KR, Ross J. Chronic phospholamban inhibition prevents progressive cardiac dysfuncion and pathological remodeling after infarction in rats. J Clin Invest. 2004; 113: 727eC736.
Hoshijima M, Ikeda Y, Iwanaga Y, Minamisawa S, Date M, Gu Y, Iwatate M, Li M, Wang L, Wilson JM, Wang Y, Ross J, Chien KR. Chronic suppression of heart-failure progression by a pseudophosphorylated mutant of phospholamban via in vivo cardiac rAAV gene delivery. Nature Medicine. 2002; 8: 864eC871.
Minamisawa S, Hoshijima M, Chu G, Ward CA, Frank K, Gu Y, Martone ME, Wang Y, Ross J, Kranias EG, Giles WR, Chien KR. Chronic phospholamban-sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase interaction is the critical calcium cycling defect in dilated cardiomyopathy. Cell. 1999; 99: 313eC322.
Freeman K, Lerman I, Kranias EG, Bohlmeyer T, Bristow MR, Lefkowitz RJ, Iaccarino G, Koch WJ, Leinwand LA. Alternations in cardiac adrenergic signaling and calcium cycling differentially affect the progression of cardiomyopathy. J Clin Invest. 2001; 107: 967eC974.
Hasenfuss G, Schillinger W, Lehnart SE, Preuss M, Pieske B, Maier LS, Prestle J, Minami K, Just H. Relationship between Na+-Ca2+-exchanger protein levels and diastolic function of failing human myocardium. Circulation. 1999; 99: 641eC648.
Pogwizd SM, Qi M, Yuan W, Samarel AM, Bers DM. Upregulation of Na+/Ca2+ exchanger expression and function in an arrhythmogenic rabbit model of heart failure. Circ Res. 1999; 85: 1009eC1019.
Pogwizd SM, Schlotthauer K, Li L, Yuan W, Bers DM. Arrhythmogenesis and contractile dysfunction in heart failure: roles of sodium-calcium exchange, inward rectifier potassium current and residual -adrenergic responsiveness. Circ Res. 2001; 88: 1159eC1167.
Shannon TR, Pogwizd SM, Bers DM. Elevated sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ leak in intact ventricular myocytes from rabbits in heart failure. Circ Res. 2003; 93: 592eC594.
He H, Meyer M, Martin JL, McDonough PM, Ho P, Lou X, Lew WY, Hilal-Dandan R, Dillmann WH. Effects of mutant and antisense RNA of phospholamban on SR Ca2+-ATPase activity and cardiac myocyte contractility. Circulation. 1999; 100: 974eC980.
Ziolo MT, Maier LS, Piacentino V, III, Bossuyt J, Houser SR, Bers DM. Myocyte NOS2 contributes to blunted -adrenergic response in failing human hearts by decreasing Ca2+ transients. Circulation. 2004; 109: 1886eC1891.
Schillinger W, Janssen PML, Emami S, Henderson SA, Ross RS, Teucher N, Zeitz O, Phillipson KD, Prestle J, Hasenfuss G. Impaired contractile performance of cultured rabbit ventricular myocytes after adenoviral gene transfer of Na+-Ca2+ exchanger. Circ Res. 2000; 87: 581eC587.
Teucher N, Prestle J, Seidler T, Inesi G, Kgler H, Bers DM, Hasenfuss G, Smith GL: Excessive SERCA expression causes increased sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-uptake but decreased contractile performance. Circulation. 2004; 110: 3553eC3559.
Hobai IA, Maack C, O’Rourke B. Partial inhibition of sodium/calcium exchange restores cellular calcium handling in canine heart failure. Circ Res. 2004; 95: 292eC299.(Mark T. Ziolo, Jody L. Ma)
the Department of Medicine (S.M.P.), University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Ill.
Abstract
In heart failure (HF) a main factor in reduced contractility is reduced SR Ca2+ content and reversed force-frequency response (FFR), ie, from positive to negative. Our arrhythmogenic rabbit HF model exhibits decreased contractility mainly due to an increase in Na/Ca exchange (NCX) activity (with only modest decrease in SR Ca2+-ATPase (SERCA) function), similar to many end-stage HF patients. Here we test whether phospholamban (PLB) inhibition using a dominant-negative mutant PLB adenovirus (K3E/R14E, AdPLB-dn, with -galactosidase adenovirus as control) could enhance SERCA function and restore Ca2+ transients and positive FFR in ventricular myocytes from these HF rabbits. HF myocytes infected with AdPLB-dn (versus control) had enhanced Ca2+ transient amplitude (2.0±0.1 versus 1.6±0.05 F/Fo at 0.5 Hz, P<0.05) and had a positive FFR, whereas acutely isolated HF myocytes or those infected with Adgal had negative FFR. Ca2+ transients declined faster in AdPLB-dn versus Adgal myocytes (RT50%: 317±29 versus 551±90 ms at 0.5 Hz, P<0.05) and had an increased SR Ca2+ load (3.5±0.3 versus 2.6±0.2 F/Fo at 0.5 Hz, P<0.05), indicative of increased SERCA function. Furthermore, this restoration of function was not due to changes in NCX or SERCA expression. Thus, increasing SERCA activity in failing myocytes by AdPLB-dn gene transfer reversed the contractile dysfunction (and restored positive FFR) by increasing SR Ca2+ load. This approach could enhance contractile function in failing hearts of various etiologies, even here where reduced SERCA activity is not the main dysfunction.
Key Words: heart failure gene transfer SERCA phospholamban
Introduction
Heart failure (HF) is characterized by a reversed force frequency response (FFR), ie, positive to negative.1 This has been attributed to alterations in the expression and/or function of the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca2+ ATPase (SERCA)2 and reduced SR Ca2+ content.3
Transgenic and adenoviral gene transfer approaches to increase SERCA activity, either by increasing SERCA levels4 or decreasing inhibition by phospholamban (PLB; by PLB knockout, PLB antisense, or a pseudophosphorylated PLB mutant)4eC6 can prevent the development of HF7,8 and increase contractility,4eC6 although mechanistic information was limited.
Not all HF exhibits decreased SERCA expression and/or function, and Hasenfuss et al9 showed that nearly half of HF patients exhibit relatively preserved SERCA function but greatly increased Na+/Ca2+ exchanger (NCX) function. This is analogous to our nonischemic rabbit HF model, where contractile function and SR Ca2+ load are reduced mainly because of increased NCX function rather than depressed SERCA function or SR Ca2+ leak.10eC12
It is unclear whether enhancement of SERCA function would be beneficial in myocytes during chronic HF and where SERCA is not the main dysfunction. Thus, the purpose of this study was to determine whether (and how) increasing SERCA function, via ectopic expression of a PLB dominant-negative mutant, can reverse contractile dysfunction.
Materials and Methods
Rabbit Heart Failure Model and Cardiac Myocyte Isolation
In New Zealand White rabbits, HF was induced by aortic insufficiency and 2 to 4 weeks later by aortic constriction.10,11 HF progression was assessed by echocardiography and rabbits were studied 7.1±1.9 months after aortic constriction when LV end-systolic dimension exceeded 1.4 cm.11 Left ventricular (LV) myocytes were isolated as previously described.10,11
Adenoviral Gene Transfer and Cell Culture
HF myocytes were cultured for adenoviral infection in modified M199 medium for 24 to 36 hours after infection. Myocytes were infected with adenovirus (MOI=100 to 200, 1 to 2 hour infection) encoding either -galactosidase (Adgal, served as control) or a dominant-negative PLB mutant [AdPLB-dn, with amino acid substitutions at positions 3 and 14 (K3E/R14E), which inhibits PLB function].13
Western Blots
Antibodies for PLB (Badrilla), SERCA (Affinity Bioreagents), and NCX (Affinity Bioregants) were used and data normalized to sarcomeric -actin (Sigma).10
Measurement of Ca2+ Transients
Myocytes were field-stimulated and superfused with (in mmol/L): 140 NaCl, 4 KCl, 1 MgCl2, 2 CaCl2, 10 glucose, and 5 HEPES (pH=7.4). [Ca2+]i was measured by Fluo-3 epifluorescence with excitation at 480 nm and emission at 530 nm, with recorded fluorescence (F) normalized to baseline fluorescence (Fo).14
Results
HF Rabbits
HF rabbits exhibited significant depression of LV systolic function; with increases in both LV end-diastolic (by 50%) and end-systolic dimension (by 73%; P<0.001) and a 27% decrease in LV fractional shortening (P<0.01 versus baseline).
AdPLB-dn Enhances Ca2+ Transients, Force-Frequency Response, and SR Ca2+ Load
Cells exposed to AdPLB-dn (versus Adgal) showed increased PLB expression and the characteristic13 decrease in electrophoretic mobility of pentamers in Western blots (Figure 1A). In addition, infection with AdPLB-dn or Adgal did not alter expression of either NCX or SERCA2a versus acutely isolated HF myocytes (Figure 1B).
Figure 1C and 1D shows that steady-state Ca2+ transient amplitude in HF myocytes was increased by 58% after AdPLB-dn versus Adgal infection. Notably, Adgal had similar Ca2+ transient amplitude compared with acutely isolated noncultured, noninfected HF myocytes (from the same HF hearts used for adenoviral infection). Figure 1E shows that HF myocytes acutely isolated or infected with Adgal displayed the negative FFR typical of HF, whereas HF myocytes infected with AdPLB-dn had a positive FFR.
We also assessed whether the enhanced function in AdPLB-dn is due to increased SERCA function and SR Ca2+ load (despite unaltered SERCA or NCX expression). The rate constant of [Ca2+]i decline in myocytes infected with AdPLB-dn was 42% faster than that in Adgal (Figure 2A), consistent with enhanced SERCA function. Likewise, SR Ca2+ content was significantly increased in AdPLB-dn versus Adgal (Figure 2B).
Discussion
HF myocytes typically demonstrate decreased SR Ca2+ load, Ca2+ transient amplitude, and a negative FFR.1,10,12 Although this is frequently attributed to decreased SR Ca2+ uptake and SERCA function,2,3 reduced SR Ca2+ load in HF models and human HF can arise from upregulation of the NCX.9,10 Moreover, adenoviral overexpression of NCX in normal rabbit ventricular myocytes decreased SR Ca2+ content and Ca2+ transients.15
In this study, we found that, even after HF development, inhibition of PLB function enhanced Ca2+ transient amplitude, rate of [Ca2+]i decline, and SR Ca2+ content and restored a positive FFR in LV HF myocytes (without altered NCX or SERCA expression). This HF model exhibits severely depressed LV and myocyte function and reduced SR Ca2+ content, 2-fold upregulation of NCX expression and function, enhanced SR Ca2+ leak, and unchanged SERCA expression (but detailed quantitative analysis resolved a 24% decrease in SERCA function).10eC12 The main cause of depressed SR Ca2+ content was found to be the increased NCX function (not altered SERCA or SR Ca2+ leak).12
We show, for the first time in HF myocytes, that PLB inhibition increased SR Ca2+ load and restored a positive FFR, which can explain most of the beneficial effects observed by us and others.4eC8 This indicates that enhanced SERCA function can overcome the NCX upregulation and functional normalization of Ca2+ transients.
As in HF myocytes, nonfailing rabbit ventricular myocytes also showed significantly enhanced Ca2+ transient amplitude (by 43%) and rate of [Ca]i decline (by 20%), as previously reported.13 Precisely how this dominant-negative PLB effect is mediated is unclear, but it may either sequester endogenous PLB in pentameric form (Figure 1A) relieving SERCA of inhibition, or displace endogenous PLB from SERCA2 (without inhibiting the pump itself). A quantitative limitation is that we cannot assess the effect of AdPLB-dn on endogenous PLB expression because the antibody used recognizes both endogenous and mutant PLB.
SERCA function in HF can be stimulated by either SERCA overexpression or interfering with the inhibition of SERCA by PLB (PLB knockout or by viral gene transfer of antisense PLB RNA or of a pseudophophorylated form of PLB mutant). These can all improve myocyte and cardiac contractile function and prevent the development or progression of HF, including in some animal models of HF.4eC8 Our data indicates that we are able to restore contractility even long after the onset of HF. In addition, it may be more advantageous to inhibit PLB function versus SERCA overexpression because too much SERCA may increase cytosolic Ca2+ buffering and accelerate [Ca]i decline in a manner that limits myofilament activation.16 Inhibition of the NCX may also be beneficial,17 but excessive NCX inhibition may prevent necessary Ca2+ removal from the cell. Our results attest to the potential of PLB as a therapeutic target for the treatment of HF even when reduced SERCA activity is not the major abnormality.
In conclusion, enhanced SERCA function via gene transfer of a dominant-negative PLB mutant reversed the contractile dysfunction in HF myocytes by increasing SR Ca2+ load and restoring the positive FFR. This may justify future tests of this rescue approach in vivo.
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by NIH grants HL46929 and HL73966 (S.M.P.) and HL64724 and HL30077 (D.M.B.).
References
Rossman EI, Petre RE, Chaudhary KW, Piacentino V III, Janssen PML, Gaughan JP, Houser SR, Margulies KB. Abnormal frequency-dependent responses represent the pathophysiological signature of contractile failure in human myocardium. J Mol Cell Cardiol. 2004; 36: 33eC42.
Kubo H, Margulies KB, Piacentino V III, Gaughan JP, Houser SR. Patients with end-stage congestive heart failure treated with -adrenergic receptor antagonists have improved ventricular myocyte calcium regulatory protein abundance. Circulation. 2001; 104: 1012eC1018.
Piacentino V III, Weber CR, Chen X, Weisser-Thomas J, Margulies KB, Bers DM, Houser SR. Cellular basis of abnormal calcium transients of failing human ventricular myocytes. Circ Res. 2003; 92: 651eC658.
Del Monte F, Harding SE, Dec GW, Gwathmey JK, Hajjar RJ. Targeting phospholamban by gene transfer. Circulation. 2002; 105: 904eC907.
Iwanaga Y, Hoshijima M, Gu Y, Iwatate M, Dieterle T, Ikeda Y, Date MO, Chrast J, Matsuzaki M, Peterson KL, Chien KR, Ross J. Chronic phospholamban inhibition prevents progressive cardiac dysfuncion and pathological remodeling after infarction in rats. J Clin Invest. 2004; 113: 727eC736.
Hoshijima M, Ikeda Y, Iwanaga Y, Minamisawa S, Date M, Gu Y, Iwatate M, Li M, Wang L, Wilson JM, Wang Y, Ross J, Chien KR. Chronic suppression of heart-failure progression by a pseudophosphorylated mutant of phospholamban via in vivo cardiac rAAV gene delivery. Nature Medicine. 2002; 8: 864eC871.
Minamisawa S, Hoshijima M, Chu G, Ward CA, Frank K, Gu Y, Martone ME, Wang Y, Ross J, Kranias EG, Giles WR, Chien KR. Chronic phospholamban-sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase interaction is the critical calcium cycling defect in dilated cardiomyopathy. Cell. 1999; 99: 313eC322.
Freeman K, Lerman I, Kranias EG, Bohlmeyer T, Bristow MR, Lefkowitz RJ, Iaccarino G, Koch WJ, Leinwand LA. Alternations in cardiac adrenergic signaling and calcium cycling differentially affect the progression of cardiomyopathy. J Clin Invest. 2001; 107: 967eC974.
Hasenfuss G, Schillinger W, Lehnart SE, Preuss M, Pieske B, Maier LS, Prestle J, Minami K, Just H. Relationship between Na+-Ca2+-exchanger protein levels and diastolic function of failing human myocardium. Circulation. 1999; 99: 641eC648.
Pogwizd SM, Qi M, Yuan W, Samarel AM, Bers DM. Upregulation of Na+/Ca2+ exchanger expression and function in an arrhythmogenic rabbit model of heart failure. Circ Res. 1999; 85: 1009eC1019.
Pogwizd SM, Schlotthauer K, Li L, Yuan W, Bers DM. Arrhythmogenesis and contractile dysfunction in heart failure: roles of sodium-calcium exchange, inward rectifier potassium current and residual -adrenergic responsiveness. Circ Res. 2001; 88: 1159eC1167.
Shannon TR, Pogwizd SM, Bers DM. Elevated sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ leak in intact ventricular myocytes from rabbits in heart failure. Circ Res. 2003; 93: 592eC594.
He H, Meyer M, Martin JL, McDonough PM, Ho P, Lou X, Lew WY, Hilal-Dandan R, Dillmann WH. Effects of mutant and antisense RNA of phospholamban on SR Ca2+-ATPase activity and cardiac myocyte contractility. Circulation. 1999; 100: 974eC980.
Ziolo MT, Maier LS, Piacentino V, III, Bossuyt J, Houser SR, Bers DM. Myocyte NOS2 contributes to blunted -adrenergic response in failing human hearts by decreasing Ca2+ transients. Circulation. 2004; 109: 1886eC1891.
Schillinger W, Janssen PML, Emami S, Henderson SA, Ross RS, Teucher N, Zeitz O, Phillipson KD, Prestle J, Hasenfuss G. Impaired contractile performance of cultured rabbit ventricular myocytes after adenoviral gene transfer of Na+-Ca2+ exchanger. Circ Res. 2000; 87: 581eC587.
Teucher N, Prestle J, Seidler T, Inesi G, Kgler H, Bers DM, Hasenfuss G, Smith GL: Excessive SERCA expression causes increased sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-uptake but decreased contractile performance. Circulation. 2004; 110: 3553eC3559.
Hobai IA, Maack C, O’Rourke B. Partial inhibition of sodium/calcium exchange restores cellular calcium handling in canine heart failure. Circ Res. 2004; 95: 292eC299.(Mark T. Ziolo, Jody L. Ma)