Xanthogranulomatous disease in the lacrimal gland
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《英国眼科学杂志》
1 Department of Ophthalmology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
2 Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore
3 Department of Ophthalmology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
4 Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of British Colombia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
5 Department of Pathology, University of British Colombia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
6 Department of Pathology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
7 Department of Rheumatology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
8 Department of Pathology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Correspondence to:
Jennifer A Sivak-Callcott
MD, West Virginia University Eye Institute, PO Box 9193, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA; jsivak@hsc.wvu.edu
Accepted for publication 1 April 2005
Keywords: xanthogranuloma; lacrimal gland; Erdheim-Chester disease; adult onset asthma
We report three cases of adult lacrimal gland xanthoganulomatous disease that demonstrate the spectrum of this disorder and provide insight into immune dysfunction.
Case 1
A 23 year old asthmatic female had 1 year of bilateral, painless, lacrimal gland masses from polyclonal B cell (CD 20+) infiltration (fig 1A, B) The patient was asymptomatic for 18 months after external beam radiation (25 Gy in 10 fractions). While 7 months pregnant, painless lacrimal gland enlargement recurred, as firm, yellow, nodular masses (fig 1C). A second biopsy showed foamy histiocytes, Touton giant cells, and lymphoid infiltrate without necrobiosis (fig 1D). The orbital masses have remained stable 2 years after corticosteroids and surgical debulking. Systemic involvement included breast MALT type lymphoma 4 years after presentation.
Figure 1 (A) T1 weighted axial magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showing bilateral lacrimal gland enlargement. (B) Initial lacrimal gland biopsy showing a dense lymphocytic infiltrate with preserved ducts (haematoxylin and eosin stain, original magnification 4x). (C) Clinical photograph of yellow, recurrent mass, right orbit, 2 years after radiation treatment. (D) Second lacrimal gland biopsy showing Touton giant cells, foamy histiocytes, lymphocytes, and plasma cells (haematoxylin and eosin stain, original magnification 60x). (E) Clinical photograph of patient showing improvement 1 year after treatment.
Case 2
A 49 year old Brunei male had 10 years of bilateral, yellow, mildly steroid responsive, superolateral orbital masses (fig 2A). Previous biopsy showed benign, polyclonal lymphocytic proliferation in the lacrimal gland and eyelid xanthoma. Second eyelid and lacrimal gland biopsy demonstrated xanthomatous infiltrate involving obicularis and lymphocytes with some germinal centres, s100 negative, KP1 positive foamy histiocytes and Touton giant cells, respectively (fig 2B–D). Orbital findings improved with Solumedrol (3 g over 3 days), ciclosporin, and cyclophosphamide. The patient was lost to follow up after 6 months. Systemic associations included asthma, sinusitis, and polyclonal paraproteinaemia (increased 1 and 2, ? globulin, and IgM).
Figure 2 (A) Clinical photograph showing bilateral lacrimal gland enlargement and, xanthochromia of the upper eyelids. (B) Second lacrimal gland biopsy demonstrating infiltration and destruction of the lacrimal gland by lymphorrhages with follicular centres (haematoxylin and eosin stain, original magnification 10x). (C) Higher power view of follicular centres and occasional Touton giant cell (arrows) (haematoxylin and eosin stain, original magnification 20x). (D) Touton giant cells with background of foamy histiocytes, lymphocytes, and plasma cells (haematoxylin and eosin stain, original magnification 60x). Photograph reproduced with permission.
Case 3
A 52 year old white female had 2 months of bilateral, yellow, lacrimal gland masses and dry eye (confirmed by Schirmer’s testing) (see fig 3A–C). Lacrimal gland biopsy demonstrated foamy histiocytes, Touton giant cells, chronic inflammation, bands of fibrosis, and necrobiosis. The lacrimal gland masses resolved at 2 years after treatment with Solumedrol (3 g over 3 days), methotrexate, pulsed cyclophosphamide, and topical 0.05% ciclosporin (Restasis) (fig 3E–F). She is maintained on prednisone 40 mg per day, methotrexate 17.5 mg per week, and Restasis twice a day. Systemic associations included asthma, cervical, axillary, hilar lymphadenopathy, iliac, sacral, L4 sclerosis, and xanthogranulomatous disease of the breast for which she underwent mastectomy 3 months before presentation (fig 3D).
Figure 3 (A, B) Clinical photographs showing bilateral lacrimal gland masses with yellow discoloration, parotid/submandibular salivary gland enlargement, and cervical lymphadenopathy. (C) Coronal computed tomography scan showing bilateral lacrimal gland enlargement. (D) Histopathology of mastectomy specimen showing foamy histiocytes, Touton giant cells (arrows), lymphocytes with follicular centres, and necrobiosis (haematoxylin and eosin stain, original magnification 10x). (E) Clinical photograph 24 months after diagnosis, showing improvement. (F) Coronal computed tomography scan showing resolution of lacrimal gland masses. Photograph reproduced with permission.
Comment
Adult xanthogranulomatous disease is a class II histiocytic disorder1 syndromically classified as adult onset xanthogranuloma (AOX), adult onset asthma and periocular xanthogranuloma (AAPOX),2 necrobiotic xanthogranuloma (NBX),3 and Erdheim-Chester disease (ECD).4 AOX is a solitary lesion.5,6 AAPOX has B cell mediated findings including adult onset asthma, lymphadenopathy, and paraproteinaemia.3 Ulcerative skin lesions, paraproteinaemia/myeloma, and silent internal organ disease characterise NBX.3,7,8 ECD is typified by lethal, retroperitoneal and bony sclerosis.4
All our cases had asthma. Case 2 had elevated serum protein. Case 3 had lymphadenopathy, salivary gland enlargement, and bony sclerosis. Cases 1 and 3 had breast masses: MALT type lymphoma postdated orbital disease in case 1; xanthogranulomatous disease preceded orbital involvement in case 3. The first two cases could be classified as AAPOX. Case 3 had necrobiosis suggesting NBX, but had clinical features of AAPOX and lacked skin ulcers. These findings demonstrate the adult xanthogranulomatous syndromes are not mutually exclusive.
Xanthogranuloma histology consists of non-Langerhans, lipid laden histiocytes, Touton giant cells, and varying degrees of lymphocytic infiltrate, fibrosis, and necrosis (necrobiosis). This infiltration replaced the normal lacrimal gland architecture causing mass effect and loss of tear production. This same process affected the breast in case 3.
The immune cascade leading to this histopathological appearance is unknown. Our previous work found a predominance of CD8 (cytotoxic) T cells in areas of fibrosis and lipophage accumulation. We postulated that CD8 cells activated histiocytes and fibroblasts. Relevant to this hypothesis, it is fascinating that polyclonal B cell (CD20+) infiltration, without gland destruction or foamy histiocytes, preceded the development of xanthogranuloma in cases 1 and 2 and in one case from the literature6 (fig 1B). An additional report was initially diagnosed as Sj?gren’s syndrome, but lacked histology.9 Moreover, case 1 developed a monoclonal proliferation of B cells in the breast 1 year after the orbital xanthogranuloma.
Our cases are unusual because the orbital xanthogranuloma were limited to the lacrimal gland, which is devoid of fat. We found four similar reports (table 1). Perhaps immune dysregulation leads to tissue destruction, and the resultant cell membrane fatty acids are scavenged by malfunctioning histiocytes.
Table 1 Xanthogranulomatous disease presenting in the lacrimal gland
The best treatment for xanthogranulomatous disease is unknown. Our patients had some response to steroids, with cases 2 and 3 responding to B cell (cyclophosphamide and methotrexate) and T cell (ciclosporin) suppressors.
These cases raise questions regarding the pathogenesis of non-Langerhans histiocytosis and demonstrate that histopathological and clinical findings must be used for diagnosis in the spectrum of disorders that is xanthogranulomatous disease.
References
Moschella SL. An update of the benign proliferative monocyte-macrophage and dendritic cell disorders. J Dermatol 1996;23:805–15.
Jakobiec F, Mills M, Hidayat A, et al. Periocular xanthogranulomas associated with severe adult-onset asthma. Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc 1993;91:99–129.
Kossard S, Winkelmann RK. Necrobiotic xanthogranuloma with paraproteinemia. J Am Acad Dermatol 1980;3:257–70.
Veyssier-Belot C, Cacoub P, Caparros-Lefebvre D, et al. Erdheim-Chester disease: clinical and radiologic characteristics of 59 cases. Medicine 1996;75:157–69.
Mencia-Gutierrez E, Gutierrez-Diaz E, Madero-Garcia S. Juvenile xanthogranuloma of the orbit in an adult. Ophthalmologica 2000;214:437–40.
Rouhianen H, Nerdrum K, Puustjarvi T, et al. Xanthogranuloma juvenile—a rare cause of orbital swelling in adulthood. Ophthalmologica 1992;204:162–5.
Novak P, Robbins T, Winkelmann R. Necrobiotic xanthogranuloma with myocardial lesions and nodular transformation of the liver. Hum Pathol 1992;23:195–6.
Ugurlu S, Bartley GB, Gibson LE. Necrobiotic xanthogranuoma: long term outcome of ocular involvement. Am J Ophthalmol 2000;129:651–7.
Karcioglu ZA, Sharara N, Boles TL, et al. Orbital xanthogranuloma: clinical and morphologic features in eight patients. Ophthalmic Plast Reconstruct Surg19:372–81.
Miszkiel KA, Sohaib SAA, Rose GE, et al. Radiological and clinicopathological features of orbital xanthogranuloma. Br J Ophthalmol 2000;84:251–8.
Tucker N, Discepola M, Blanco G, et al. Necrobiotic xanthogranuloma without dermatologic involvement. Can J Ophthalmol 1997;32:396–9.(J A Sivak-Callcott1, W K )
2 Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore
3 Department of Ophthalmology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
4 Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of British Colombia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
5 Department of Pathology, University of British Colombia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
6 Department of Pathology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
7 Department of Rheumatology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
8 Department of Pathology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Correspondence to:
Jennifer A Sivak-Callcott
MD, West Virginia University Eye Institute, PO Box 9193, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA; jsivak@hsc.wvu.edu
Accepted for publication 1 April 2005
Keywords: xanthogranuloma; lacrimal gland; Erdheim-Chester disease; adult onset asthma
We report three cases of adult lacrimal gland xanthoganulomatous disease that demonstrate the spectrum of this disorder and provide insight into immune dysfunction.
Case 1
A 23 year old asthmatic female had 1 year of bilateral, painless, lacrimal gland masses from polyclonal B cell (CD 20+) infiltration (fig 1A, B) The patient was asymptomatic for 18 months after external beam radiation (25 Gy in 10 fractions). While 7 months pregnant, painless lacrimal gland enlargement recurred, as firm, yellow, nodular masses (fig 1C). A second biopsy showed foamy histiocytes, Touton giant cells, and lymphoid infiltrate without necrobiosis (fig 1D). The orbital masses have remained stable 2 years after corticosteroids and surgical debulking. Systemic involvement included breast MALT type lymphoma 4 years after presentation.
Figure 1 (A) T1 weighted axial magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showing bilateral lacrimal gland enlargement. (B) Initial lacrimal gland biopsy showing a dense lymphocytic infiltrate with preserved ducts (haematoxylin and eosin stain, original magnification 4x). (C) Clinical photograph of yellow, recurrent mass, right orbit, 2 years after radiation treatment. (D) Second lacrimal gland biopsy showing Touton giant cells, foamy histiocytes, lymphocytes, and plasma cells (haematoxylin and eosin stain, original magnification 60x). (E) Clinical photograph of patient showing improvement 1 year after treatment.
Case 2
A 49 year old Brunei male had 10 years of bilateral, yellow, mildly steroid responsive, superolateral orbital masses (fig 2A). Previous biopsy showed benign, polyclonal lymphocytic proliferation in the lacrimal gland and eyelid xanthoma. Second eyelid and lacrimal gland biopsy demonstrated xanthomatous infiltrate involving obicularis and lymphocytes with some germinal centres, s100 negative, KP1 positive foamy histiocytes and Touton giant cells, respectively (fig 2B–D). Orbital findings improved with Solumedrol (3 g over 3 days), ciclosporin, and cyclophosphamide. The patient was lost to follow up after 6 months. Systemic associations included asthma, sinusitis, and polyclonal paraproteinaemia (increased 1 and 2, ? globulin, and IgM).
Figure 2 (A) Clinical photograph showing bilateral lacrimal gland enlargement and, xanthochromia of the upper eyelids. (B) Second lacrimal gland biopsy demonstrating infiltration and destruction of the lacrimal gland by lymphorrhages with follicular centres (haematoxylin and eosin stain, original magnification 10x). (C) Higher power view of follicular centres and occasional Touton giant cell (arrows) (haematoxylin and eosin stain, original magnification 20x). (D) Touton giant cells with background of foamy histiocytes, lymphocytes, and plasma cells (haematoxylin and eosin stain, original magnification 60x). Photograph reproduced with permission.
Case 3
A 52 year old white female had 2 months of bilateral, yellow, lacrimal gland masses and dry eye (confirmed by Schirmer’s testing) (see fig 3A–C). Lacrimal gland biopsy demonstrated foamy histiocytes, Touton giant cells, chronic inflammation, bands of fibrosis, and necrobiosis. The lacrimal gland masses resolved at 2 years after treatment with Solumedrol (3 g over 3 days), methotrexate, pulsed cyclophosphamide, and topical 0.05% ciclosporin (Restasis) (fig 3E–F). She is maintained on prednisone 40 mg per day, methotrexate 17.5 mg per week, and Restasis twice a day. Systemic associations included asthma, cervical, axillary, hilar lymphadenopathy, iliac, sacral, L4 sclerosis, and xanthogranulomatous disease of the breast for which she underwent mastectomy 3 months before presentation (fig 3D).
Figure 3 (A, B) Clinical photographs showing bilateral lacrimal gland masses with yellow discoloration, parotid/submandibular salivary gland enlargement, and cervical lymphadenopathy. (C) Coronal computed tomography scan showing bilateral lacrimal gland enlargement. (D) Histopathology of mastectomy specimen showing foamy histiocytes, Touton giant cells (arrows), lymphocytes with follicular centres, and necrobiosis (haematoxylin and eosin stain, original magnification 10x). (E) Clinical photograph 24 months after diagnosis, showing improvement. (F) Coronal computed tomography scan showing resolution of lacrimal gland masses. Photograph reproduced with permission.
Comment
Adult xanthogranulomatous disease is a class II histiocytic disorder1 syndromically classified as adult onset xanthogranuloma (AOX), adult onset asthma and periocular xanthogranuloma (AAPOX),2 necrobiotic xanthogranuloma (NBX),3 and Erdheim-Chester disease (ECD).4 AOX is a solitary lesion.5,6 AAPOX has B cell mediated findings including adult onset asthma, lymphadenopathy, and paraproteinaemia.3 Ulcerative skin lesions, paraproteinaemia/myeloma, and silent internal organ disease characterise NBX.3,7,8 ECD is typified by lethal, retroperitoneal and bony sclerosis.4
All our cases had asthma. Case 2 had elevated serum protein. Case 3 had lymphadenopathy, salivary gland enlargement, and bony sclerosis. Cases 1 and 3 had breast masses: MALT type lymphoma postdated orbital disease in case 1; xanthogranulomatous disease preceded orbital involvement in case 3. The first two cases could be classified as AAPOX. Case 3 had necrobiosis suggesting NBX, but had clinical features of AAPOX and lacked skin ulcers. These findings demonstrate the adult xanthogranulomatous syndromes are not mutually exclusive.
Xanthogranuloma histology consists of non-Langerhans, lipid laden histiocytes, Touton giant cells, and varying degrees of lymphocytic infiltrate, fibrosis, and necrosis (necrobiosis). This infiltration replaced the normal lacrimal gland architecture causing mass effect and loss of tear production. This same process affected the breast in case 3.
The immune cascade leading to this histopathological appearance is unknown. Our previous work found a predominance of CD8 (cytotoxic) T cells in areas of fibrosis and lipophage accumulation. We postulated that CD8 cells activated histiocytes and fibroblasts. Relevant to this hypothesis, it is fascinating that polyclonal B cell (CD20+) infiltration, without gland destruction or foamy histiocytes, preceded the development of xanthogranuloma in cases 1 and 2 and in one case from the literature6 (fig 1B). An additional report was initially diagnosed as Sj?gren’s syndrome, but lacked histology.9 Moreover, case 1 developed a monoclonal proliferation of B cells in the breast 1 year after the orbital xanthogranuloma.
Our cases are unusual because the orbital xanthogranuloma were limited to the lacrimal gland, which is devoid of fat. We found four similar reports (table 1). Perhaps immune dysregulation leads to tissue destruction, and the resultant cell membrane fatty acids are scavenged by malfunctioning histiocytes.
Table 1 Xanthogranulomatous disease presenting in the lacrimal gland
The best treatment for xanthogranulomatous disease is unknown. Our patients had some response to steroids, with cases 2 and 3 responding to B cell (cyclophosphamide and methotrexate) and T cell (ciclosporin) suppressors.
These cases raise questions regarding the pathogenesis of non-Langerhans histiocytosis and demonstrate that histopathological and clinical findings must be used for diagnosis in the spectrum of disorders that is xanthogranulomatous disease.
References
Moschella SL. An update of the benign proliferative monocyte-macrophage and dendritic cell disorders. J Dermatol 1996;23:805–15.
Jakobiec F, Mills M, Hidayat A, et al. Periocular xanthogranulomas associated with severe adult-onset asthma. Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc 1993;91:99–129.
Kossard S, Winkelmann RK. Necrobiotic xanthogranuloma with paraproteinemia. J Am Acad Dermatol 1980;3:257–70.
Veyssier-Belot C, Cacoub P, Caparros-Lefebvre D, et al. Erdheim-Chester disease: clinical and radiologic characteristics of 59 cases. Medicine 1996;75:157–69.
Mencia-Gutierrez E, Gutierrez-Diaz E, Madero-Garcia S. Juvenile xanthogranuloma of the orbit in an adult. Ophthalmologica 2000;214:437–40.
Rouhianen H, Nerdrum K, Puustjarvi T, et al. Xanthogranuloma juvenile—a rare cause of orbital swelling in adulthood. Ophthalmologica 1992;204:162–5.
Novak P, Robbins T, Winkelmann R. Necrobiotic xanthogranuloma with myocardial lesions and nodular transformation of the liver. Hum Pathol 1992;23:195–6.
Ugurlu S, Bartley GB, Gibson LE. Necrobiotic xanthogranuoma: long term outcome of ocular involvement. Am J Ophthalmol 2000;129:651–7.
Karcioglu ZA, Sharara N, Boles TL, et al. Orbital xanthogranuloma: clinical and morphologic features in eight patients. Ophthalmic Plast Reconstruct Surg19:372–81.
Miszkiel KA, Sohaib SAA, Rose GE, et al. Radiological and clinicopathological features of orbital xanthogranuloma. Br J Ophthalmol 2000;84:251–8.
Tucker N, Discepola M, Blanco G, et al. Necrobiotic xanthogranuloma without dermatologic involvement. Can J Ophthalmol 1997;32:396–9.(J A Sivak-Callcott1, W K )