Angiostrongyliasis, Mainland China
http://www.100md.com
《传染病的形成》
Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
Zhongshan (Sun Yat-Sen) University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
From 1994 to 2003, 84 cases of angiostrongyliasis were documented in mainland China. Of all the cases, 29 were reported individually, and 55 were reported from the 2 outbreaks that occurred in Zhejiang and Fujian. Sixty-three of the 84 patients had eaten raw or undercooked snails, 5 had eaten raw crabs, 1 swallowed tadpoles, and several pediatric patients had close contact with snails. Some researchers believe that the larvae of A. cantonensis can be released from mollusks into slime fluid and contaminate produce and other objects as they crawl. However, Liang et al. (4) reported finding no larvae in body fluid washed from 23 Achatina fulica that were infected with A. cantonensis. Therefore, whether slime fluid plays a role in human infection remains unclear.
Eosinophilia is a typical characteristic of eosinophilic meningitis or meningoencephalitis caused by A. cantonensis. In our study, eosinophilia was detected in 79 of 84 patients. Therefore, clinical patients with eosinophilic meningitis or meningoencephalitis with eosinophilia should be presumptively considered to be infected with A. cantonensis and parasitologic or serologic tests should be performed. The parasitologic detection rate of A. cantonensis infection in humans is low; because this parasite is found in the human central nervous system (CNS) and the tiny larvae often stick to meninges or nerve root, a false-negative result is often shown when cerebrospinal fluid is examined. In the 84 cases reported in this article, worms were isolated from only 8 patients (9.5%), whereas 64 cases were diagnosed as angiostrongyliasis by immunologic methods. The most common immunologic methods used to diagnosis angiostrongyliasis in this country are indirect fluorescent antibody test, immunoenzymatic staining technique, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. All antigens used in these methods were prepared from whole adult worms. Reports indicated that serologic cross-reaction occurred between trichinosis and angiostrongyliasis when whole-worm lysate was used as the antigen (5). In addition, whole-worm antigens cannot discriminate between new and previous infection, or monitor the efficacy of the treatment. Therefore, finding potential diagnostic antigens will be essential to solving this problem and applying recombinant antigens may achieve this goal. A cDNA library from the larvae of A. cantonensis was constructed and screened with acute infection sera, and a diagnostic antigen that can detect early infection of A. cantonensis (3 weeks) was identified (6).
Some researchers considered that anthelminthics, such as albendazole, ivermectin, mebendazole, and pyrantel, did not affect A. cantonensis but noted that the death of worms in the CNS might exacerbate neurologic symptoms (7). However, many studies in mainland China showed that anthelminthics can relieve symptoms and reduce the duration of disease. For example, Wang et al. (8) reported that albendazole could relieve the symptoms of angiostrongyliasis and suggested that it can be used to treat the disease. Lin et al. (3) also reported that in 8 patients who were treated with 20 mg/kg albendazole for 9 days, the symptoms and signs of acute angiostrongyliasis were rapidly relieved in 3–6 days. All of these patients had recovered by 10 days after treatment, and no side effects were observed.
Angiostrongyliasis is an emerging foodborne public health problem in mainland China. However, most clinicians are not familiar with this disease and little is known about the prevalence of A. cantonensis in China. Thus, more studies should be conducted on the biology, epidemiology, and clinical characteristics of angiostrongyliasis, and more effective diagnostic methods and treatments for A. cantonensis should be developed.
Acknowledgments
We thank Mark L. Eberhard for his critical review of this manuscript.
Authors' laboratories were supported by the National Key Project on Science and Technology of China (No.2003BA712A03-07) and DPCKSCU (IRT0447).
References
He JZ, Zhu SH, Yang SQ. First discovery and evidence of Angiostrongylus cantonensis in the cerebrospinal fluid from the case of population of mainland of China. J Guangzhou Med Coll. 1984;12:1–4.
Xue DY, Ruan YZ, Lin BC. Epidemiological investigation on an outbreak of angiostrongyliasis in Wenzhou. Chin J Parasit Dis. 2000;18:176–8.
Lin JX, Li YS, Zhu K. Epidemiological study on group infection of Angiostrongylus cantonensis in Changle City. Chin J Parasitol Parasit Dis. 2003;21:110–2.
Liang HK, Shen HX, Xu BK. Investigation on the definite, intermediate and paratenic hosts of Angiostrongylus cantonensis in Guangzhou. Chin J Epidemiol. 1984;5:245–8.
Huang XQ, Zhong QC, He JZ. Investigation of Angiostrongylus cantonensis infection in rat with IEST method. Journal of Guangdong Medical and Drug College. 1993;9:22–3.
Li H, Chen XG, Shen HX. Analysis on the antigens of Angiostrongylus cantonensis and screen of the dominant diagnostic antigen. Chin J Parasitol Parasit Dis. 2005;23:33–9.
Slom TJ, Cortese MM, Gerber SI. An outbreak of eosinophilic meningitis caused by Angiostrongylus cantonesis in travelers returning from the Caribbean. N Engl J Med. 2002;346:668–75.
Wang XT, Huang HJ, Dong QQ. A clinical research for eosinophilic meningoencephalitis caused by angiostrongyliasis. Chin J Intern Med. 1999;38:326–8.(Xiao-Guang Chen, Hua Li, )
Zhongshan (Sun Yat-Sen) University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
From 1994 to 2003, 84 cases of angiostrongyliasis were documented in mainland China. Of all the cases, 29 were reported individually, and 55 were reported from the 2 outbreaks that occurred in Zhejiang and Fujian. Sixty-three of the 84 patients had eaten raw or undercooked snails, 5 had eaten raw crabs, 1 swallowed tadpoles, and several pediatric patients had close contact with snails. Some researchers believe that the larvae of A. cantonensis can be released from mollusks into slime fluid and contaminate produce and other objects as they crawl. However, Liang et al. (4) reported finding no larvae in body fluid washed from 23 Achatina fulica that were infected with A. cantonensis. Therefore, whether slime fluid plays a role in human infection remains unclear.
Eosinophilia is a typical characteristic of eosinophilic meningitis or meningoencephalitis caused by A. cantonensis. In our study, eosinophilia was detected in 79 of 84 patients. Therefore, clinical patients with eosinophilic meningitis or meningoencephalitis with eosinophilia should be presumptively considered to be infected with A. cantonensis and parasitologic or serologic tests should be performed. The parasitologic detection rate of A. cantonensis infection in humans is low; because this parasite is found in the human central nervous system (CNS) and the tiny larvae often stick to meninges or nerve root, a false-negative result is often shown when cerebrospinal fluid is examined. In the 84 cases reported in this article, worms were isolated from only 8 patients (9.5%), whereas 64 cases were diagnosed as angiostrongyliasis by immunologic methods. The most common immunologic methods used to diagnosis angiostrongyliasis in this country are indirect fluorescent antibody test, immunoenzymatic staining technique, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. All antigens used in these methods were prepared from whole adult worms. Reports indicated that serologic cross-reaction occurred between trichinosis and angiostrongyliasis when whole-worm lysate was used as the antigen (5). In addition, whole-worm antigens cannot discriminate between new and previous infection, or monitor the efficacy of the treatment. Therefore, finding potential diagnostic antigens will be essential to solving this problem and applying recombinant antigens may achieve this goal. A cDNA library from the larvae of A. cantonensis was constructed and screened with acute infection sera, and a diagnostic antigen that can detect early infection of A. cantonensis (3 weeks) was identified (6).
Some researchers considered that anthelminthics, such as albendazole, ivermectin, mebendazole, and pyrantel, did not affect A. cantonensis but noted that the death of worms in the CNS might exacerbate neurologic symptoms (7). However, many studies in mainland China showed that anthelminthics can relieve symptoms and reduce the duration of disease. For example, Wang et al. (8) reported that albendazole could relieve the symptoms of angiostrongyliasis and suggested that it can be used to treat the disease. Lin et al. (3) also reported that in 8 patients who were treated with 20 mg/kg albendazole for 9 days, the symptoms and signs of acute angiostrongyliasis were rapidly relieved in 3–6 days. All of these patients had recovered by 10 days after treatment, and no side effects were observed.
Angiostrongyliasis is an emerging foodborne public health problem in mainland China. However, most clinicians are not familiar with this disease and little is known about the prevalence of A. cantonensis in China. Thus, more studies should be conducted on the biology, epidemiology, and clinical characteristics of angiostrongyliasis, and more effective diagnostic methods and treatments for A. cantonensis should be developed.
Acknowledgments
We thank Mark L. Eberhard for his critical review of this manuscript.
Authors' laboratories were supported by the National Key Project on Science and Technology of China (No.2003BA712A03-07) and DPCKSCU (IRT0447).
References
He JZ, Zhu SH, Yang SQ. First discovery and evidence of Angiostrongylus cantonensis in the cerebrospinal fluid from the case of population of mainland of China. J Guangzhou Med Coll. 1984;12:1–4.
Xue DY, Ruan YZ, Lin BC. Epidemiological investigation on an outbreak of angiostrongyliasis in Wenzhou. Chin J Parasit Dis. 2000;18:176–8.
Lin JX, Li YS, Zhu K. Epidemiological study on group infection of Angiostrongylus cantonensis in Changle City. Chin J Parasitol Parasit Dis. 2003;21:110–2.
Liang HK, Shen HX, Xu BK. Investigation on the definite, intermediate and paratenic hosts of Angiostrongylus cantonensis in Guangzhou. Chin J Epidemiol. 1984;5:245–8.
Huang XQ, Zhong QC, He JZ. Investigation of Angiostrongylus cantonensis infection in rat with IEST method. Journal of Guangdong Medical and Drug College. 1993;9:22–3.
Li H, Chen XG, Shen HX. Analysis on the antigens of Angiostrongylus cantonensis and screen of the dominant diagnostic antigen. Chin J Parasitol Parasit Dis. 2005;23:33–9.
Slom TJ, Cortese MM, Gerber SI. An outbreak of eosinophilic meningitis caused by Angiostrongylus cantonesis in travelers returning from the Caribbean. N Engl J Med. 2002;346:668–75.
Wang XT, Huang HJ, Dong QQ. A clinical research for eosinophilic meningoencephalitis caused by angiostrongyliasis. Chin J Intern Med. 1999;38:326–8.(Xiao-Guang Chen, Hua Li, )