Use of the Phoenix Automated System for Identification of Streptococcu
http://www.100md.com
《微生物临床杂志》
Laboratory of Medical Microbiology, Ospedale di Circolo and University of Insubria, Varese
Department of Molecular Biology, University of Siena, Siena
Department of Microbiological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
ABSTRACT
The Phoenix system (Becton Dickinson Diagnostic Systems, Sparks, MD) was evaluated for identification (ID) to the species level of streptococci and enterococci. Two hundred clinical isolates were investigated: beta-hemolytic streptococci (n = 50), Streptococcus pneumoniae organisms (n = 46), viridans group streptococci (n = 31), Enterococcus faecium (n = 36), Enterococcus faecalis (n = 25), and other catalase-negative cocci (n = 12). The API system (bioMerieux, Marcy l'etoile, France) was used as a comparator. Molecular methods (sequencing of 16S rRNA and zwf and gki genes and ddl gene amplification) were used to investigate discordant results. Upon resolution of discrepancies, correct species ID was achieved by the Phoenix system for 121/129 (93.8%) streptococci and 63/70 (90.0%) enterococci. Excellent results were obtained for S. pneumoniae (45/45) and beta-hemolytic streptococci (49/50). With regard to viridans streptococci, the accuracy of the Phoenix system was 83.9%. Among the latter organisms, the best performance was obtained with isolates of the Streptococcus sanguinis group and Streptococcus anginosus group; problems were instead encountered with the Streptococcus mitis group. Four E. faecium and three E. faecalis isolates were misidentified as Enterococcus casseliflavus/Enterococcus gallinarum or Enterococcus durans. Thus, these isolates were identified only at the genus level. Compared with commercially available systems, the Phoenix system appears a reliable diagnostic tool for identifying clinically relevant streptococci and enterococci. The SMIC/ID-2 panel proved particularly effective for beta-hemolytic streptococci and pneumococci.
INTRODUCTION
Catalase-negative, gram-positive cocci are a heterogeneous group of 17 genera that include streptococci, enterococci, and nonstreptococcal, nonenterococcal species (9, 10). Over 70 streptococcal and enterococcal species have been implicated in human disease (10, 27). Of these, only a few are known to cause important infections (e.g., Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus pyogenes, Streptococcus agalactiae, Enterococcus faecalis, Enterococcus faecium, and viridans group streptococci).
A number of manual, semiautomated, and automated systems are reported to produce acceptable identification (ID) results for S. pneumoniae, beta-hemolytic streptococci, and enterococcal species (26, 27). These systems, however, were shown not to be sufficiently accurate in identifying streptococci of the viridans group (13, 20), organisms of complex taxonomy (2, 10, 26). The performance of some automated systems has been evaluated with regard to catalase-negative, gram-positive cocci (7, 13, 14, 17, 24). Reproducibility and accuracy of results, turnaround time, availability of data for epidemiological monitoring, and cost-effectiveness constitute the main reasons supporting the choice of automated systems.
Becton Dickinson (BD Diagnostic Systems, Sparks, MD) has introduced the Phoenix automated microbiology system for ID and antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) of human pathogenic bacteria, including enterobacteria, nonfermenting gram-negative bacteria, staphylococci, and enterococci (5, 8, 11, 25). Recently, the SMIC/ID-2 panel, dedicated to ID and AST of streptococcal species, was launched (15, 18). This study was designed to evaluate the performance of the Phoenix system for identification of streptococcal and enterococcal isolates at the species level.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Clinical isolates. Clinical isolates were obtained from routine clinical specimens at the Microbiology Laboratory of the Ospedale di Circolo, Varese, Italy. A total of 200 nonduplicated isolates of gram-positive, catalase-negative cocci were studied. The following strains were investigated: S. pneumoniae (n = 46), S. pyogenes (n = 15), S. agalactiae (n = 15), Streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis (n = 20), viridans group streptococci (n = 31), E. faecium (n = 36), E. faecalis (n = 25), other enterococcal species (n = 9), and other catalase-negative, gram-positive cocci (n = 3). Isolates were stored at –70°C in Todd-Hewitt broth containing 20% glycerol. Before ID assays were performed, all strains were passed twice on Mueller-Hinton agar containing 5% sheep blood (Oxoid SpA, Milan, Italy) to get them to an active-growth stage following metabolic inactivity while frozen.
Phoenix system procedures. The Phoenix system uses different panels for gram-positive cocci. The SMIC/ID-2 panel is dedicated to streptococci and the PMIC/ID-14 panel to enterococci and staphylococci. All panels include two separate sections: wells on the left contain ID substrates, and wells on the right side are dedicated to AST. Panel inoculation was performed according to the manufacturer's instructions. Both panel sections were inoculated, but only ID results have been taken into consideration for this study. After overnight culture, bacteria were suspended in the ID broth. Turbidity was adjusted to a 0.5 McFarland standard by using the CrystalSpec Nephelometer (Becton Dickinson). Panels were then sealed, logged, loaded into the instrument, and incubated at 35°C. Kinetic, colorimetric, and fluorescent signals were automatically collected by the instrument every 20 min until results were completed.
Comparator biochemical ID method. Two different API ID systems (bioMerieux, Marcy l'etoile, France) were used to identify streptococcal and enterococcal isolates at the species level. The API 20 Strep system was used for beta-hemolytic streptococci. The rapid ID 32 Strep system was used for enterococci and non-beta-hemolytic streptococci. Inoculation, reading, and interpretation of panels were performed according to the manufacturer's instructions.
Data analysis and resolution of discrepancies. Isolates that were equally identified at the species level by both the API and the Phoenix systems were considered to be correctly identified and included in the "concordant ID" category. Due to the inability of the Phoenix system to discriminate between Enterococcus casseliflavus and Enterococcus gallinarum, the classification of an isolate as E. casseliflavus/E. gallinarum by the Phoenix system was considered concordant when the isolate was identified by the API system as either E. casseliflavus or E. gallinarum. Isolates with discordant species ID (i.e., an ID produced by the Phoenix system that differed from that obtained with the API system) were retested using both the Phoenix and the API systems. When discrepant results persisted, bacterial ID was investigated by molecular methods.
Amplification and sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene. Bacterial DNA was extracted from pure cultures by using a QIAamp DNA mini kit (QIAGEN, Basel, Switzerland). DNA eluted in Tris-EDTA was stored at –80°C. ABI 2400 thermal cyclers and PCR reagents were from Applied Biosystems (Foster City, CA). AmpliTaq Gold polymerase, PCR buffer II, standard deoxynucleoside triphosphate mixture, and the universal 16S rRNA gene primers 8f (5'-GAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG-3') and 1492r (5'-TACGGCTACCTTGTTACGACT-3') were used to produce a 1,498-bp amplicon (23). Amplification products were purified using a Mini Elut PCR purification kit (QIAGEN) and directly sequenced using an ABI 310 genetic analyzer (Applied Biosystems). Sequences for both DNA strands were determined, each by using the product of a different PCR as a template. Analysis and comparison of sequence data were carried out at the BLAST interface (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/BLAST/) and ClustalW interface (http://www.ebi.ac.uk/clustalw/) websites.
Amplification and sequencing of housekeeping genes of viridans group streptococci. Samples were amplified with degenerate primers specific for the internal fragments of the zwf (encoding glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase) and gki (encoding glucose kinase) streptococcal genes (21). Two primer pairs were used: 5'-CCG(T/G)ATCGACCATTA(T/C)CTTGG(T/C)AAGG-3' and 5'-TC(A/T)GTCAG(T/A)CGTTTACCTGT(A/G)CGGA-3' for the zwf gene and 5'-GGCATTGGAATGGGATCACCAGG-3' and 5'-CCGATAA(C/T)TCCAGCGTCATTTCC-3' for the gki gene. Amplicons of 453 bp (zwf) and 624 bp (gki) were directly sequenced.
Amplification of housekeeping genes in enterococci. The ID of E. faecium and E. faecalis isolates was confirmed by amplification of a fragment internal to the ddl gene encoding a D-Ala-D-Ala ligase (4, 6). The reaction mixture contained 250 ng of DNA as a template, 50 pmol of each primer, 200 pmol per liter of each deoxynucleoside triphosphate (dATP, dCTP, dGTP, and dTTP), 10 mM Tris-HCl (pH 8.8), 1.5 mM MgCl2, 50 mM KCl, and 2 U of AmpliTaq Gold. Upon electrophoresis on a 2% agarose gel, ethidium bromide-stained DNA fragments were visualized under UV light with a Kodak CF440 camera (NEN Life Science Products, Boston, MA).
Quality controls. The following strains were included in each run: S. pneumoniae ATCC 49619, S. agalactiae ATCC 13813, and E. faecalis ATCC 29212. The identification results obtained with the above-mentioned reference strains were consistently satisfactory.
RESULTS
Biochemical identification of clinical isolates. Compared with the API system, the Phoenix system correctly identified 180/200 (90.0%) test organisms at the species level: 116/129 (89.9%) streptococci, 63/70 (90%) enterococci, and 1/1 Aerococcus viridans isolate. Results are summarized in Table 1.
Concordant ID for S. pneumoniae was obtained in 45/46 cases, since one isolate (identified as S. pneumoniae by the API system) was classified as a "not identified organism" by the Phoenix system. After resolution of discrepancies, however, this isolate was ultimately defined as Streptococcus mitis by sequencing the 16S rRNA gene. Fourteen out of 15 (93.3%) S. pyogenes and 21/31 (67.7%) viridans streptococci isolates were correctly identified by the Phoenix system. Among the latter, 8/8 members of the Streptococcus anginosus group, one Streptococcus mutans isolate, 3/4 members of the Streptococcus sanguinis group, and 9/17 members of S. mitis group were correctly identified. Correct species ID was obtained for 90% of the enterococci. Four E. faecium and three E. faecalis isolates were misidentified as E. casseliflavus/E. gallinarum or Enterococcus durans. Thus, these isolates were identified only at the genus level. Overall, the Phoenix system correctly identified all isolates of the following species: S. pneumoniae, S. agalactiae, S. dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis, and Streptococcus bovis.
Analysis of discrepancies. Species ID of 20 discordant isolates was investigated by molecular methods. As shown in Table 2, sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene assessed that one S. mitis isolate was not identified by either the API or the Phoenix system. One S. pyogenes isolate (not identified by the Phoenix system) was correctly identified by the API system. Five isolates (which had been assigned to the S. mitis or Streptococcus salivarius group by the API system) did belong to the S. sanguinis group (Streptococcus parasanguinis, n = 2; S. sanguinis, n = 2; and Streptococcus gordonii, n = 1). The above-mentioned five isolates were correctly classified at the species level by the Phoenix system, not by the API system. One discordant isolate (resolved by 16S rRNA gene sequencing as S. gordonii) was not identified by the Phoenix system and was identified only at the group level by the API. Sequencing of the 16S rRNA and the housekeeping zwf and gki genes failed to resolve five additional isolates at the species level. The most probable molecular ID for those five isolates appeared to be S. mitis, Streptococcus oralis, or S. pneumoniae (species belonging to the S. mitis group) (26).
Concerning seven enterococci identified by the Phoenix system as E. casseliflavus/E. gallinarum (n = 5) or Enterococcus durans (n = 2), PCR analysis of the ddl gene confirmed the IDs given by the API system (four E. faecium and three E. faecalis isolates).
The performance of the Phoenix and API systems with regard to discordant isolates is summarized in Table 3. Of 13 streptococci, 9 were correctly identified at the species or group level by the Phoenix system and 5 by the API system. Three isolates could not be identified by either system. The correct IDs for seven discordant enterococci were given by the API system, not by the Phoenix system. Of the streptococci that could not be resolved at the species level by molecular methods, 4/5 were identified at the group level by both the API and the Phoenix systems. Overall, taking into consideration species IDs given by molecular methods, the accuracy of the Phoenix system in identifying streptococci rose from 89.9% to 93.8%. For enterococci, accuracy of ID at the species level remained at 90%.
DISCUSSION
Automated systems may have significant diagnostic impact on diseases caused by streptococci and enterococci, especially with regard to aggressive infections and drug-resistant isolates (26).
The Phoenix automated system did agree with the API system for 89.9% of streptococcal IDs. Upon resolution of discrepancies, accuracy for streptococci rose to 93.8%. The performance of the new SMIC/ID-2 panel dedicated to streptococci was excellent for beta-hemolytic streptococci (49/50) and S. pneumoniae (45/46). Only one S. pyogenes isolate and one S. pneumoniae isolate were not identified. It should be noted that the latter isolate (reported by the API system as S. pneumoniae) was ultimately identified as S. mitis by molecular methods. This brings the accuracy for S. pneumoniae to 100% and underlines difficulties that may be encountered in the biochemical identification of streptococcal isolates by commercial methods (3, 16, 22).
Taken together, the results confirm the documented ability of automated systems in identifying beta-hemolytic streptococci and S. pneumoniae (18, 24). Kanemitsu et al. (18) reported that the Phoenix system performed satisfactorily with regard to beta-hemolytic streptococci (>90% concordance with a manual biochemical test supplemented by hemolysis data and serological grouping) and behaved less brilliantly with S. pneumoniae (85.9% concordance). Better performances with the Phoenix system were reported by Hirakata et al. (15); concordance with the comparator (phenotypic tests and serological grouping) was >90% for S. pneumoniae and >95% for beta-hemolytic streptococci.
With regard to viridans group streptococci, the performance of automated systems has been reported as problematic; only 55% (6/11) of S. bovis isolates and 40% (6/15) of viridans group streptococci were correctly identified at the species level by the VITEK 2 system (13). On the other hand, the cited Japanese studies on Phoenix panels evaluated IDs of viridans streptococci only at the group level (S. anginosus group or S. mitis group) (15). The performance of the Phoenix SMIC/ID-2 panel for species ID of viridans streptococci was evaluated for the first time by this study. The results for the Phoenix system were in agreement either with the API system or with molecular methods for 26/31 viridans streptococci (83.9%). Discrepancies between the Phoenix and the API systems were encountered especially within the S. mitis group, possibly due to close genetic relations among members of this group (19). Four of eight discordant isolates belonging to the S. mitis group were not resolved by molecular methods. The remaining four isolates were correctly identified exclusively by the Phoenix system (S. parasanguinis, n = 2; S. sanguinis, n = 2). Thus, the Phoenix system appeared to correctly identify 8/9 members of the S. sanguinis group.
Among enterococci, correct IDs were achieved in 90% of cases by the Phoenix system. Discrepancies were limited to E. faecalis and E. faecium. Problems in identifying enterococci with automated systems have already been reported. For instance, the VITEK 2 system failed to identify substantial numbers (9% to 37%) of E. faecium and E. faecalis isolates (1, 7, 12). The latter isolates were most frequently identified as E. casseliflavus/E. gallinarum. Similarly, the Phoenix system has been reported to misidentify E. faecium and E. faecalis as E. casseliflavus/E. gallinarum (5, 11). The present results show that automated ID of enterococci remains a problem. In a clinical laboratory, however, the simple motility test usually allows for discrimination of E. casseliflavus and E. gallinarum from other enterococci (27), thus improving ID accuracy.
In conclusion, the Phoenix system appears a reliable tool for identification of clinically relevant streptococcal and enterococcal species. The new SMIC/ID-2 panel proved particularly effective for beta-hemolytic streptococci and pneumococci. Though not perfect, ID performance with viridans group streptococci appeared to be superior to those of currently available systems.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The excellent technical contribution of Vito Elia, Mirta Broggi, Clara De Bortoli, Pasquale Abbate, Riccardo Fusar-Imperatore, Sergio Gallazzi, Paola Caputo, Rosalia Bonta, Francesco Tucci, and Nunzia Vocino is gratefully acknowledged.
This work was supported by grants from the Italian Ministry Education, University and Scientific Research (MIUR, Rome, Italy), and the Italian Ministry of Health (ISS, Rome, Italy).
FOOTNOTES
Corresponding author. Mailing address: Laboratory of Medical Microbiology, University of Insubria and Ospedale di Circolo e Fondazione Macchi, Viale Borri 57, 21100, Varese, Italy. Phone: 39-0332-278.309. Fax: 39-0332-260.517. E-mail: antonio.toniolo@ospedale.varese.it.
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Department of Molecular Biology, University of Siena, Siena
Department of Microbiological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
ABSTRACT
The Phoenix system (Becton Dickinson Diagnostic Systems, Sparks, MD) was evaluated for identification (ID) to the species level of streptococci and enterococci. Two hundred clinical isolates were investigated: beta-hemolytic streptococci (n = 50), Streptococcus pneumoniae organisms (n = 46), viridans group streptococci (n = 31), Enterococcus faecium (n = 36), Enterococcus faecalis (n = 25), and other catalase-negative cocci (n = 12). The API system (bioMerieux, Marcy l'etoile, France) was used as a comparator. Molecular methods (sequencing of 16S rRNA and zwf and gki genes and ddl gene amplification) were used to investigate discordant results. Upon resolution of discrepancies, correct species ID was achieved by the Phoenix system for 121/129 (93.8%) streptococci and 63/70 (90.0%) enterococci. Excellent results were obtained for S. pneumoniae (45/45) and beta-hemolytic streptococci (49/50). With regard to viridans streptococci, the accuracy of the Phoenix system was 83.9%. Among the latter organisms, the best performance was obtained with isolates of the Streptococcus sanguinis group and Streptococcus anginosus group; problems were instead encountered with the Streptococcus mitis group. Four E. faecium and three E. faecalis isolates were misidentified as Enterococcus casseliflavus/Enterococcus gallinarum or Enterococcus durans. Thus, these isolates were identified only at the genus level. Compared with commercially available systems, the Phoenix system appears a reliable diagnostic tool for identifying clinically relevant streptococci and enterococci. The SMIC/ID-2 panel proved particularly effective for beta-hemolytic streptococci and pneumococci.
INTRODUCTION
Catalase-negative, gram-positive cocci are a heterogeneous group of 17 genera that include streptococci, enterococci, and nonstreptococcal, nonenterococcal species (9, 10). Over 70 streptococcal and enterococcal species have been implicated in human disease (10, 27). Of these, only a few are known to cause important infections (e.g., Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus pyogenes, Streptococcus agalactiae, Enterococcus faecalis, Enterococcus faecium, and viridans group streptococci).
A number of manual, semiautomated, and automated systems are reported to produce acceptable identification (ID) results for S. pneumoniae, beta-hemolytic streptococci, and enterococcal species (26, 27). These systems, however, were shown not to be sufficiently accurate in identifying streptococci of the viridans group (13, 20), organisms of complex taxonomy (2, 10, 26). The performance of some automated systems has been evaluated with regard to catalase-negative, gram-positive cocci (7, 13, 14, 17, 24). Reproducibility and accuracy of results, turnaround time, availability of data for epidemiological monitoring, and cost-effectiveness constitute the main reasons supporting the choice of automated systems.
Becton Dickinson (BD Diagnostic Systems, Sparks, MD) has introduced the Phoenix automated microbiology system for ID and antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) of human pathogenic bacteria, including enterobacteria, nonfermenting gram-negative bacteria, staphylococci, and enterococci (5, 8, 11, 25). Recently, the SMIC/ID-2 panel, dedicated to ID and AST of streptococcal species, was launched (15, 18). This study was designed to evaluate the performance of the Phoenix system for identification of streptococcal and enterococcal isolates at the species level.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Clinical isolates. Clinical isolates were obtained from routine clinical specimens at the Microbiology Laboratory of the Ospedale di Circolo, Varese, Italy. A total of 200 nonduplicated isolates of gram-positive, catalase-negative cocci were studied. The following strains were investigated: S. pneumoniae (n = 46), S. pyogenes (n = 15), S. agalactiae (n = 15), Streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis (n = 20), viridans group streptococci (n = 31), E. faecium (n = 36), E. faecalis (n = 25), other enterococcal species (n = 9), and other catalase-negative, gram-positive cocci (n = 3). Isolates were stored at –70°C in Todd-Hewitt broth containing 20% glycerol. Before ID assays were performed, all strains were passed twice on Mueller-Hinton agar containing 5% sheep blood (Oxoid SpA, Milan, Italy) to get them to an active-growth stage following metabolic inactivity while frozen.
Phoenix system procedures. The Phoenix system uses different panels for gram-positive cocci. The SMIC/ID-2 panel is dedicated to streptococci and the PMIC/ID-14 panel to enterococci and staphylococci. All panels include two separate sections: wells on the left contain ID substrates, and wells on the right side are dedicated to AST. Panel inoculation was performed according to the manufacturer's instructions. Both panel sections were inoculated, but only ID results have been taken into consideration for this study. After overnight culture, bacteria were suspended in the ID broth. Turbidity was adjusted to a 0.5 McFarland standard by using the CrystalSpec Nephelometer (Becton Dickinson). Panels were then sealed, logged, loaded into the instrument, and incubated at 35°C. Kinetic, colorimetric, and fluorescent signals were automatically collected by the instrument every 20 min until results were completed.
Comparator biochemical ID method. Two different API ID systems (bioMerieux, Marcy l'etoile, France) were used to identify streptococcal and enterococcal isolates at the species level. The API 20 Strep system was used for beta-hemolytic streptococci. The rapid ID 32 Strep system was used for enterococci and non-beta-hemolytic streptococci. Inoculation, reading, and interpretation of panels were performed according to the manufacturer's instructions.
Data analysis and resolution of discrepancies. Isolates that were equally identified at the species level by both the API and the Phoenix systems were considered to be correctly identified and included in the "concordant ID" category. Due to the inability of the Phoenix system to discriminate between Enterococcus casseliflavus and Enterococcus gallinarum, the classification of an isolate as E. casseliflavus/E. gallinarum by the Phoenix system was considered concordant when the isolate was identified by the API system as either E. casseliflavus or E. gallinarum. Isolates with discordant species ID (i.e., an ID produced by the Phoenix system that differed from that obtained with the API system) were retested using both the Phoenix and the API systems. When discrepant results persisted, bacterial ID was investigated by molecular methods.
Amplification and sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene. Bacterial DNA was extracted from pure cultures by using a QIAamp DNA mini kit (QIAGEN, Basel, Switzerland). DNA eluted in Tris-EDTA was stored at –80°C. ABI 2400 thermal cyclers and PCR reagents were from Applied Biosystems (Foster City, CA). AmpliTaq Gold polymerase, PCR buffer II, standard deoxynucleoside triphosphate mixture, and the universal 16S rRNA gene primers 8f (5'-GAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG-3') and 1492r (5'-TACGGCTACCTTGTTACGACT-3') were used to produce a 1,498-bp amplicon (23). Amplification products were purified using a Mini Elut PCR purification kit (QIAGEN) and directly sequenced using an ABI 310 genetic analyzer (Applied Biosystems). Sequences for both DNA strands were determined, each by using the product of a different PCR as a template. Analysis and comparison of sequence data were carried out at the BLAST interface (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/BLAST/) and ClustalW interface (http://www.ebi.ac.uk/clustalw/) websites.
Amplification and sequencing of housekeeping genes of viridans group streptococci. Samples were amplified with degenerate primers specific for the internal fragments of the zwf (encoding glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase) and gki (encoding glucose kinase) streptococcal genes (21). Two primer pairs were used: 5'-CCG(T/G)ATCGACCATTA(T/C)CTTGG(T/C)AAGG-3' and 5'-TC(A/T)GTCAG(T/A)CGTTTACCTGT(A/G)CGGA-3' for the zwf gene and 5'-GGCATTGGAATGGGATCACCAGG-3' and 5'-CCGATAA(C/T)TCCAGCGTCATTTCC-3' for the gki gene. Amplicons of 453 bp (zwf) and 624 bp (gki) were directly sequenced.
Amplification of housekeeping genes in enterococci. The ID of E. faecium and E. faecalis isolates was confirmed by amplification of a fragment internal to the ddl gene encoding a D-Ala-D-Ala ligase (4, 6). The reaction mixture contained 250 ng of DNA as a template, 50 pmol of each primer, 200 pmol per liter of each deoxynucleoside triphosphate (dATP, dCTP, dGTP, and dTTP), 10 mM Tris-HCl (pH 8.8), 1.5 mM MgCl2, 50 mM KCl, and 2 U of AmpliTaq Gold. Upon electrophoresis on a 2% agarose gel, ethidium bromide-stained DNA fragments were visualized under UV light with a Kodak CF440 camera (NEN Life Science Products, Boston, MA).
Quality controls. The following strains were included in each run: S. pneumoniae ATCC 49619, S. agalactiae ATCC 13813, and E. faecalis ATCC 29212. The identification results obtained with the above-mentioned reference strains were consistently satisfactory.
RESULTS
Biochemical identification of clinical isolates. Compared with the API system, the Phoenix system correctly identified 180/200 (90.0%) test organisms at the species level: 116/129 (89.9%) streptococci, 63/70 (90%) enterococci, and 1/1 Aerococcus viridans isolate. Results are summarized in Table 1.
Concordant ID for S. pneumoniae was obtained in 45/46 cases, since one isolate (identified as S. pneumoniae by the API system) was classified as a "not identified organism" by the Phoenix system. After resolution of discrepancies, however, this isolate was ultimately defined as Streptococcus mitis by sequencing the 16S rRNA gene. Fourteen out of 15 (93.3%) S. pyogenes and 21/31 (67.7%) viridans streptococci isolates were correctly identified by the Phoenix system. Among the latter, 8/8 members of the Streptococcus anginosus group, one Streptococcus mutans isolate, 3/4 members of the Streptococcus sanguinis group, and 9/17 members of S. mitis group were correctly identified. Correct species ID was obtained for 90% of the enterococci. Four E. faecium and three E. faecalis isolates were misidentified as E. casseliflavus/E. gallinarum or Enterococcus durans. Thus, these isolates were identified only at the genus level. Overall, the Phoenix system correctly identified all isolates of the following species: S. pneumoniae, S. agalactiae, S. dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis, and Streptococcus bovis.
Analysis of discrepancies. Species ID of 20 discordant isolates was investigated by molecular methods. As shown in Table 2, sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene assessed that one S. mitis isolate was not identified by either the API or the Phoenix system. One S. pyogenes isolate (not identified by the Phoenix system) was correctly identified by the API system. Five isolates (which had been assigned to the S. mitis or Streptococcus salivarius group by the API system) did belong to the S. sanguinis group (Streptococcus parasanguinis, n = 2; S. sanguinis, n = 2; and Streptococcus gordonii, n = 1). The above-mentioned five isolates were correctly classified at the species level by the Phoenix system, not by the API system. One discordant isolate (resolved by 16S rRNA gene sequencing as S. gordonii) was not identified by the Phoenix system and was identified only at the group level by the API. Sequencing of the 16S rRNA and the housekeeping zwf and gki genes failed to resolve five additional isolates at the species level. The most probable molecular ID for those five isolates appeared to be S. mitis, Streptococcus oralis, or S. pneumoniae (species belonging to the S. mitis group) (26).
Concerning seven enterococci identified by the Phoenix system as E. casseliflavus/E. gallinarum (n = 5) or Enterococcus durans (n = 2), PCR analysis of the ddl gene confirmed the IDs given by the API system (four E. faecium and three E. faecalis isolates).
The performance of the Phoenix and API systems with regard to discordant isolates is summarized in Table 3. Of 13 streptococci, 9 were correctly identified at the species or group level by the Phoenix system and 5 by the API system. Three isolates could not be identified by either system. The correct IDs for seven discordant enterococci were given by the API system, not by the Phoenix system. Of the streptococci that could not be resolved at the species level by molecular methods, 4/5 were identified at the group level by both the API and the Phoenix systems. Overall, taking into consideration species IDs given by molecular methods, the accuracy of the Phoenix system in identifying streptococci rose from 89.9% to 93.8%. For enterococci, accuracy of ID at the species level remained at 90%.
DISCUSSION
Automated systems may have significant diagnostic impact on diseases caused by streptococci and enterococci, especially with regard to aggressive infections and drug-resistant isolates (26).
The Phoenix automated system did agree with the API system for 89.9% of streptococcal IDs. Upon resolution of discrepancies, accuracy for streptococci rose to 93.8%. The performance of the new SMIC/ID-2 panel dedicated to streptococci was excellent for beta-hemolytic streptococci (49/50) and S. pneumoniae (45/46). Only one S. pyogenes isolate and one S. pneumoniae isolate were not identified. It should be noted that the latter isolate (reported by the API system as S. pneumoniae) was ultimately identified as S. mitis by molecular methods. This brings the accuracy for S. pneumoniae to 100% and underlines difficulties that may be encountered in the biochemical identification of streptococcal isolates by commercial methods (3, 16, 22).
Taken together, the results confirm the documented ability of automated systems in identifying beta-hemolytic streptococci and S. pneumoniae (18, 24). Kanemitsu et al. (18) reported that the Phoenix system performed satisfactorily with regard to beta-hemolytic streptococci (>90% concordance with a manual biochemical test supplemented by hemolysis data and serological grouping) and behaved less brilliantly with S. pneumoniae (85.9% concordance). Better performances with the Phoenix system were reported by Hirakata et al. (15); concordance with the comparator (phenotypic tests and serological grouping) was >90% for S. pneumoniae and >95% for beta-hemolytic streptococci.
With regard to viridans group streptococci, the performance of automated systems has been reported as problematic; only 55% (6/11) of S. bovis isolates and 40% (6/15) of viridans group streptococci were correctly identified at the species level by the VITEK 2 system (13). On the other hand, the cited Japanese studies on Phoenix panels evaluated IDs of viridans streptococci only at the group level (S. anginosus group or S. mitis group) (15). The performance of the Phoenix SMIC/ID-2 panel for species ID of viridans streptococci was evaluated for the first time by this study. The results for the Phoenix system were in agreement either with the API system or with molecular methods for 26/31 viridans streptococci (83.9%). Discrepancies between the Phoenix and the API systems were encountered especially within the S. mitis group, possibly due to close genetic relations among members of this group (19). Four of eight discordant isolates belonging to the S. mitis group were not resolved by molecular methods. The remaining four isolates were correctly identified exclusively by the Phoenix system (S. parasanguinis, n = 2; S. sanguinis, n = 2). Thus, the Phoenix system appeared to correctly identify 8/9 members of the S. sanguinis group.
Among enterococci, correct IDs were achieved in 90% of cases by the Phoenix system. Discrepancies were limited to E. faecalis and E. faecium. Problems in identifying enterococci with automated systems have already been reported. For instance, the VITEK 2 system failed to identify substantial numbers (9% to 37%) of E. faecium and E. faecalis isolates (1, 7, 12). The latter isolates were most frequently identified as E. casseliflavus/E. gallinarum. Similarly, the Phoenix system has been reported to misidentify E. faecium and E. faecalis as E. casseliflavus/E. gallinarum (5, 11). The present results show that automated ID of enterococci remains a problem. In a clinical laboratory, however, the simple motility test usually allows for discrimination of E. casseliflavus and E. gallinarum from other enterococci (27), thus improving ID accuracy.
In conclusion, the Phoenix system appears a reliable tool for identification of clinically relevant streptococcal and enterococcal species. The new SMIC/ID-2 panel proved particularly effective for beta-hemolytic streptococci and pneumococci. Though not perfect, ID performance with viridans group streptococci appeared to be superior to those of currently available systems.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The excellent technical contribution of Vito Elia, Mirta Broggi, Clara De Bortoli, Pasquale Abbate, Riccardo Fusar-Imperatore, Sergio Gallazzi, Paola Caputo, Rosalia Bonta, Francesco Tucci, and Nunzia Vocino is gratefully acknowledged.
This work was supported by grants from the Italian Ministry Education, University and Scientific Research (MIUR, Rome, Italy), and the Italian Ministry of Health (ISS, Rome, Italy).
FOOTNOTES
Corresponding author. Mailing address: Laboratory of Medical Microbiology, University of Insubria and Ospedale di Circolo e Fondazione Macchi, Viale Borri 57, 21100, Varese, Italy. Phone: 39-0332-278.309. Fax: 39-0332-260.517. E-mail: antonio.toniolo@ospedale.varese.it.
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