Evaluation of the New VITEK 2 Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase (ESBL)
http://www.100md.com
《微生物临床杂志》
Institute of Microbiology
Department of Infectious Diseases, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
ABSTRACT
Extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs) are a large, rapidly evolving group of enzymes that confer resistance to oxyimino cephalosporins and monobactams and are inhibited by clavulanate. Rapid reliable detection of ESBL production is a prerequisite for successful infection management and for monitoring resistance trends and implementation of intervention strategies. We evaluated the performance of the new VITEK 2 ESBL test system (bioMerieux, Inc, Hazelwood, Mo.) in the identification of ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae isolates. We examined a total of 1,129 clinically relevant Enterobacteriaceae isolates (including 218 that had been previously characterized). The ESBL classification furnished by the VITEK 2 ESBL test system was concordant with that of the comparison method (molecular identification of beta-lactamase genes) for 1,121 (99.3%) of the 1,129 isolates evaluated. ESBL production was correctly detected in 306 of the 312 ESBL-producing organisms (sensitivity, 98.1%; positive predictive value, 99.3%). False-positive results emerged for 2 of the 817 ESBL-negative isolates (specificity, 99.7%; negative predictive value, 99.3%). VITEK 2 ESBL testing took 6 to 13 h (median, 7.5 h; mean ± SD, 8.2 ± 2.39 h). This automated short-incubation system appears to be a rapid and reliable tool for routine identification of ESBL-producing isolates of Enterobacteriaceae.
INTRODUCTION
Extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs) are a large, rapidly evolving group of plasmid-mediated enzymes (4, 5, 17, 23, 30, 33, 45) that confer resistance to the oxyimino cephalosporins and monobactams. They are inhibited by clavulanate (CA), sulbactam, or tazobactam. Originally observed in Escherichia coli and Klebsiella spp., ESBL production has now been documented in other gram-negative bacilli, including Enterobacter spp., Proteus mirabilis, and Providencia stuartii (4, 23, 25, 30, 45).
Laboratory detection of ESBL production can be problematic (4, 23, 27, 30, 33, 45, 49, 52). The presence of these enzymes does not always elevate MICs of oxyimino cephalosporins and monobactams to levels indicative of resistance defined by the Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) (2, 10). Furthermore, because expression of resistance is affected by multiple factors, the same ESBL can produce different resistance phenotypes, depending on the bacterial carrier and test conditions (17, 23). There are also increasing reports of more-complex ESBL phenotypes that include additional mechanisms of resistance, such as AmpC-type enzyme production (both chromosomal and plasmid-mediated), TEM and SHV beta-lactamases with reduced affinities for beta-lactamase inhibitors, hyperproduction of penicillinase, and porin changes (4, 6, 8, 17, 23, 26, 32, 34, 39, 49, 52-54).
Several molecular methods are available for research and epidemiological studies, but they are not appropriate for routine detection of ESBL production in clinical settings (9, 36). Two phenotypic strategies can be used to detect ESBL expression in clinical settings. One involves analysis of MIC patterns with specific software, such as that used by the Advanced Expert System of the VITEK 2 system (bioMerieux, Inc, Hazelwood, MO). The second is the two-step approach advocated by the CLSI (10), which involves screening for reduced susceptibility to more than one of the indicator antimicrobials (cefotaxime [CTX], ceftriaxone, ceftazidime [CAZ], cefpodoxime, and aztreonam). Positive results are then confirmed by the demonstration of synergy between the ceftazidime and cefotaxime and the beta-lactamase inhibitor CA. According to CLSI guidelines (10), ESBL production is confirmed in E. coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Klebsiella oxytoca, or P. mirabilis if testing in the presence of CA decreases the ceftazidime and cefotaxime MICs by at least three twofold dilutions or increases the diameter of the inhibition zone for these drugs by at least 5 mm (compared with results obtained with the cephalosporin alone). This strategy is also the basis for the double-disk test, the three-dimensional test, the Etest ESBL test, and several other commercial systems (7, 12, 16, 18, 20-22, 28, 40, 41, 43, 46-48, 50, 51).
The VITEK 2 ESBL test (bioMerieux) is a new tool for rapid detection of ESBL production which is based on simultaneous assessment of the inhibitory effects of cefepime, cefotaxime, and ceftazidime, alone and in the presence of CA. The present study was designed to evaluate its performance in the identification of ESBL-producing isolates of Enterobacteriaceae and the advantages it can offer for routine clinical testing.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Study design. The study was conducted on a total of 1,129 bacterial isolates: E. coli (n = 534); K. pneumoniae (n = 193); Enterobacter cloacae (n = 88); P. mirabilis (n = 85); Enterobacter aerogenes (n = 56); K. oxytoca (n = 38); Citrobacter freundii (n = 36); P. stuartii (n = 43); Serratia marcescens (n = 28); Morganella morganii (n = 14); Citrobacter koseri (n = 8); and Salmonella enterica spp. (n = 6). Two hundred eighteen of the isolates had been collected and characterized as part of a previously published nationwide survey (41). The remaining 911 were consecutive nonduplicate clinically relevant isolates of Enterobacteriaceae recovered from blood cultures of hospitalized patients between January 1999 and December 2003. They had not been characterized at the time of the study.
Identical methods were used to characterize all 1,129 study isolates. ID32E galleries (bioMerieux, Marcy l'Etoile, France) and/or the VITEK 2 system (bioMerieux) were used for species-level identification. Susceptibilities to beta-lactam antibiotics were evaluated by using the Etest (Epsilometer test; AB Biodisc, Solna, Sweden), as previously described (41). E. coli ATCC 25922, E. coli ATCC 35218, K. pneumoniae ATCC 700603, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 25783 were included as quality control strains in all sessions. MICs were classified according to CLSI criteria (10).
Characterization of bacterial isolates. All isolates (except ampicillin-susceptible E. coli, P. mirabilis, and S. enterica isolates) were subjected to isoelectric focusing (IEF) analysis of beta-lactamase profiles, as described previously (41), and results were interpreted using published criteria (44, 49, http://www.lahey.org/studies/wetb.htm). The same isolates then underwent PCR amplification of blaTEM, blaSHV, blaOXA, blaCTX-M, blaOXY, blaPER, and ampC-type genes as well as sequencing of both strands of the PCR products, as previously described (1, 3, 31, 41). The molecular findings were compared with those of IEF analysis and resistance phenotypes (e.g., an ESBL phenotype or a cephalosporinase phenotype) based on susceptibility testing (described above). Any discrepancies that emerged were resolved by repeat testing with all three methods. The final result for each isolate was a molecular profile of beta-lactamase production supported by compatible findings in IEF and in vitro susceptibility analyses, and these profiles were used as the comparison method for our assessment of the performance of the VITEK 2 ESBL test.
All strains found to harbor ESBL genes were subjected to the Etest to determine the MICs for cefotaxime, ceftazidime, and cefepime, alone and with CA. Assays were performed according to the manufacturer's instructions, and E. coli ATCC 25922, E. coli ATCC 35218, and K. pneumoniae ATCC 700603 were included as quality control strains in all sessions. In addition, all ESBL-positive E. coli, K. pneumoniae, K. oxytoca, and P. mirabilis isolates were subjected to CLSI-recommended confirmatory testing, which consisted of disk diffusion testing of susceptibility to CTX (30 μg), CAZ (30 μg), CTX plus CA (10 μg), and CAZ plus CA (10 μg) (from Becton Dickinson and Oxoid, Milan, Italy). Assays were performed and interpreted according to CLSI guidelines (10), and K. pneumoniae ATCC 700603 and E. coli ATCC 25922 were used as positive and negative controls, respectively.
VITEK 2 ESBL testing. Each isolate was tested using the VITEK 2 system with the ESBL test panel contained in the NO45 card (all from bioMerieux). The panel has six wells containing cefepime at 1.0 μg/ml, cefotaxime at 0.5 μg/ml, and ceftazidime at 0.5 μg/ml, alone and in combination with CA (10, 4, and 4 μg/ml, respectively), and growth in each well is quantitatively assessed by means of an optical scanner. The proportional reduction in growth in wells containing cephalosporin plus CA compared with those containing the cephalosporin alone is considered indicative of ESBL production. Quality control strains (E. coli ATCC 25922, E. coli ATCC 35218, K. pneumoniae ATCC 700603, and P. aeruginosa ATCC 27853) were included in each run.
Verification and analysis of VITEK 2 ESBL test results. The sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values for the VITEK 2 ESBL test system were calculated against the results of the molecular comparison method described above. When discrepancies emerged, VITEK 2 ESBL testing, biochemical and molecular characterization, and Etesting were repeated. The performance of the new system was assessed for all 1,129 isolates tested and separately for each bacterial species.
RESULTS
Molecular and phenotypic testing results. Molecular testing revealed ESBL genes in 312/1,129 test isolates. Most ESBL producers (251/312; 80%) were E. coli, K. oxytoca, K. pneumoniae, and P. mirabilis, but 61 belonged to species for which there are currently no CLSI guidelines and rules for interpretation of ESBL testing results (e.g., Citrobacter spp., Enterobacter spp., M. morganii, P. stuartii, and S. marcescens) (10). A total of 361 different ESBL genes were identified in the 312 isolates (Table 1): 179 (49.6%) blaTEM genes, 131 (36.3%) blaSHV genes, and 51 (14.1%) blaCTX-M genes. Half of the ESBL-producing isolates also carried genes for at least one broad-spectrum beta-lactamase (e.g., TEM-1/2, SHV-1, SHV-11).
Approximately 40% of the 312 ESBL carriers were classified by the Etest as susceptible (defined by a MIC of 8 μg/ml) to one of the oxyimino cephalosporins (usually cefepime); 35% were susceptible to two, and 9% were susceptible to all three. Four isolates (two E. coli and two K. pneumoniae isolates) had oxyimino cephalosporin MICs of 2 μg/ml (ceftazidime MIC, 2 μg/ml; cefotaxime MIC, 1 to 2 μg/ml; cefepime MIC, 0.5 μg/ml). For all 312 ESBL producers, the MICs of ceftazidime, cefotaxime, and/or cefepime decreased by 3 twofold dilutions in the presence of CA. All E. coli, Klebsiella spp., and P. mirabilis isolates also fulfilled the CLSI criteria for confirmation of ESBL production (i.e., disk diffusion zone diameters increased by 5 mm around ceftazidime and cefotaxime disks in the presence of CA) (10).
The 817 isolates with no evidence of ESBL production in molecular testing included 212 (Enterobacter spp. and Citrobacter spp. in most cases) that were positive only for the ampC-type gene. Two of the 36 non-ESBL-producing K. oxytoca isolates displayed profiles suggestive of hyperproduction of K1 beta-lactamase, i.e., resistance/low susceptibility to cefuroxime, aztreonam, and ceftriaxone (MICs of 128, 8, and 16 μg/ml, respectively) and full susceptibility to ceftazidime and cefotaxime (MICs of 1 μg/ml). PCR analysis of these isolates yielded a 155-bp amplicon that is consistent with the OXY-2 enzyme subtype (14, 41). The other 563 isolates lacking ESBLs (E. coli, K. pneumoniae, P. mirabilis, and S. enterica spp.) included 156 ampicillin-susceptible and 407 ampicillin-resistant isolates producing broad-spectrum beta-lactamases belonging to Bush group 2b, which harbored TEM-1 (105 isolates), TEM-2 (22 isolates), and SHV-1 (280 isolates). These enzymes hydrolyze penicillin and ampicillin and to a lesser degree carbenicillin or cephalothin, but they have no significant effect on oxyimino cephalosporins or aztreonam. In fact, all but two of these isolates had Etest MICs indicative of full susceptibility to both ceftazidime and cefotaxime (MICs 1 μg/ml) (23). The remaining six ESBL-negative isolates carried SHV-10, an inhibitor-resistant beta-lactamase belonging to Bush group 2br. OXA-1 enzyme (Bush group 2d) was also detected in 11 isolates.
None of the 1,129 test isolates harbored plasmid-mediated AmpC beta-lactamases.
VITEK 2 ESBL test results. VITEK 2 ESBL testing required from 6 to 13 h (median, 7.5 h; mean ± SD, 8.2 ± 2.39 h), and the results were concordant with those of the molecular comparison method for 1,121 (99.3%) of the 1,129 isolates evaluated (Table 2).
The VITEK 2 ESBL test system correctly identified 306 of the 312 ESBL-producing organisms (sensitivity, 98.1%; positive predictive value, 99.3%). False-negative results emerged for six isolates, including two SHV-2-producing isolates of E. coli and two of K. pneumoniae, one containing SHV-2 and the other harboring SHV-5. These isolates displayed low levels of resistance to oxyimino cephalosporins (MICs from 0.5 to 2 μg/ml), but in all four cases, CA synergy (MIC reduced by 3 twofold dilutions) was clearly observed in Etest results. The remaining discrepancies involved two E. aerogenes isolates, one producing SHV-12 and the other producing CTX-M-1. These isolates had Etest MICs for the oxyimino cephalosporins plus CA that were higher (i.e., >1 μg/ml) than the drug concentrations included in the VITEK 2 ESBL test.
Two of the 817 ESBL-negative isolates were falsely flagged as ESBL producers (specificity, 99.7%; negative predictive value, 99.3%). For these isolates (both E. coli), Etest MICs of cefepime, cefotaxime, and ceftazidime were 0.25, 0.5, and 2 μg/ml, respectively, and the decreases observed in the presence of CA amounted to less than 3 twofold dilutions (MIC range, 0.12 to 0.5 μg/liter). These isolates were PCR positive for blaSHV-1 and characterized in IEF by a single beta-lactamase band with a pI of 7.6.
All isolates with false-negative or false-positive results in the VITEK 2 ESBL test were retested with all methods, but the discrepancies remained in all cases.
DISCUSSION
In our series of 1,129 Enterobacteriaceae isolates, the VITEK 2 ESBL test system displayed excellent concordance with the comparison method, which was based on molecular identification of beta-lactamase genes. For the enterobacterial species most commonly isolated in our laboratory, i.e., E. coli, K. pneumoniae, and P. mirabilis, the ESBL status was correctly identified in 99% (806 of 812) of cases. In Europe, up to 35% of ESBL-producing Klebsiella spp. are incorrectly reported to be susceptible to oxyimino cephalosporins or monobactams (2, 24), and this figure is consistent with our observation of in vitro susceptibility (Etest MICs 8 μg/ml) to two of the three oxyimino cephalosporins we tested in over one-third of our ESBL-producing isolates. Our experience with the VITEK 2 ESBL test is in agreement with those of other investigators (M. J. Ferraro, E. Smith-Moland, G. W. Procop, J. Spargo, G. Hall, M. Tuohy, D. Wilson, and K. Thomson, Abstr. 44th Annu. Intersci. Conf. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., abstr. D-302, 2004).
It has been suggested that ESBL screening sensitivity might be improved by use of a test panel that includes more than one of the five indicator antimicrobial agents (aztreonam, cefpodoxime, ceftazidime, cefotaxime, and ceftriaxone) (10, 52). The VITEK 2 ESBL test contains ceftazidime, cefotaxime, and cefepime at the low screening concentrations (i.e., 0.5 to 1 μg/ml), but it missed two SHV-2-producing E. coli isolates and two K. pneumoniae isolates (one producing SHV-2, the other harboring SHV-5) with very low-level resistance to the oxyimino cephalosporins. Similar problems have been reported by M'Zali et al. (28), who found that, in isolates with low-level resistance, ESBL production was detected by the Etest and missed by two different double-disk diffusion tests. The four strains in our study that were missed by the VITEK 2 ESBL test produced SHV-2 or SHV-5 ESBLs, and the low-level resistance phenotype we observed is somewhat atypical for strains producing these enzymes. However, similar findings have been reported by several groups (14, 29, 47). It is also important to recall that identical enzymes can convey different levels of resistance to a given antimicrobial compound depending on the bacterial host that expresses them (17, 23).
K. pneumoniae and E. coli isolates that hyperproduce SHV-1 may trigger false-positive results in ESBL confirmatory tests (15, 30, 38). Ceftazidime MICs as high as 32 μg/ml have been reported for isolates of this type (26, 38, 39). In our study, two E. coli isolates, classified as ESBL negative by the molecular comparison method, were misclassified by the VITEK 2 ESBL test. Both had cefotaxime and cefepime MICs of 0.5 μg/ml and ceftazidime MICs of 2 μg/ml, but the decreases produced by CA amounted to less than 3 twofold dilutions. Both isolates produced an SHV-1 beta-lactamase, but the possibility of involvement of porin-related mechanisms cannot be excluded since this aspect was not analyzed.
The lowest percentage of correct results for the VITEK 2 ESBL test was recorded for the ESBL-producing Enterobacter isolates. ESBL detection is even more difficult in organisms like these that display multiple resistance mechanisms (30, 42, 51-54). The inhibitor-based approach is the most reliable solution unless the isolate coproduces an inhibitor-resistant beta-lactamase, such as AmpC. High-level expression by certain strains or species (e.g., Enterobacter, Serratia, Providencia, Aeromonas spp., M. morganii, C. freundii, Hafnia alvei, and P. aeruginosa) of chromosomally encoded inducible AmpC beta-lactamase can impede recognition of ESBL production. In these cases, high-level CA-induced AmpC production enhances the isolate's resistance to other screening drugs. The result is a false-negative result in ESBL detection tests (12, 20, 22, 47, 53). This problem can be minimized by the use of inhibitors like tazobactam or sulbactam, which are much less likely to induce AmpC beta-lactamases, and/or cefepime, which is relatively unaffected by high-level AmpC expression (23, 48, 51, 52, 53). In fact, the use of a cefepime-CA ESBL test (48), cefpirome-CA combination disks (12), and a modified double-disk test (35) of susceptibility to cefepime and piperacillin-tazobactam have all been proposed for detection of ESBL production in Enterobacter spp., although none is based on CLSI guidelines (10). The VITEK 2 ESBL test, which also assesses susceptibility to cefepime and cefepime plus CA, identified 11 of the 13 (84.6%) ESBL-producing Enterobacter isolates we tested. All ESBL-producing isolates of P. stuartii, C. freundii, M. morganii, and S. marcescens were correctly identified.
Reports of plasmid-mediated AmpC enzymes (with or without ESBLs) in Klebsiella spp., E. coli, and P. mirabilis isolates are increasing in frequency (11, 34), and the main limitation of our study is that we did not test any isolates of this type. ESBL detection can also be hindered by the presence of other beta-lactamases, such as class A carbapenem hydrolyzing enzymes or metallo-beta-lactamases, and isolates producing these enzymes were also missing from our series.
Discrimination between ESBL production and hyperproduction of K1 enzyme by K. oxytoca isolates can also be difficult (21, 30, 37, 41). Cefpodoxime-plus-CA disks have proved to be particularly sensitive and specific (100% each) for detecting ESBLs in this species because cefpodoxime inhibition is not enhanced by CA (7). M'Zali et al. (28) reported that 93% of ESBL-producing K. oxytoca isolates were correctly identified with the MAST double-disk test using both ceftazidime and cefotaxime, whereas use of either of these drugs alone was considerably less sensitive (86% and 65.5%, respectively). The two K1-hyperproducing isolates we tested were correctly identified by the VITEK 2 ESBL test as ESBL negative. Both had moderately high MICs of aztreonam and ceftriaxone (8 to 16 μg/ml) and low MICs for the other three oxyimino cephalosporins tested (1 μg/ml), which is consistent with previous reports (13). Further studies are needed, however, to evaluate the true specificity of VITEK 2 ESBL testing in K. oxytoca.
Infections caused by ESBL-producing organisms have a significant impact on mortality rates and hospital costs (4, 30). Kang et al. (19) maintain that delays in starting appropriate therapy have no significant effect on the outcome of ESBL bloodstream infections if therapy is promptly adjusted in accordance with in vitro susceptibility data. Therefore, these data must be reported to the physician as soon as possible, especially in high-risk cases. Although further studies are needed to evaluate its overall performance, our experience with this large series of Enterobacteriaceae isolates indicates that the VITEK 2 ESBL test system is a reliable time-saving tool for routine identification of ESBL-producing strains. It furnished results in 6 to 13 h (median, 7.5 h), compared with at least 18 h for CLSI-approved phenotypic screening and confirmatory assays (10). The one drawback is the absence of automated results for P. mirabilis isolates, and this problem should be addressed in future versions of the system.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This work was partially supported by grants from the Italian Ministry for the University and Scientific Research (ex MURST 2005).
We thank BioMerieux for kindly supplying the gram-negative identification and susceptibility cards. We thank Marian Kent for editorial assistance.
FOOTNOTES
Corresponding author. Mailing address: Istituto Microbiologia, Universita Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo A. Gemelli 8, 00168 Roma, Italy. Phone: 39-06-30154218. Fax: 39-06-3051152. E-mail: tspanu@rm.unicatt.it.
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Department of Infectious Diseases, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
ABSTRACT
Extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs) are a large, rapidly evolving group of enzymes that confer resistance to oxyimino cephalosporins and monobactams and are inhibited by clavulanate. Rapid reliable detection of ESBL production is a prerequisite for successful infection management and for monitoring resistance trends and implementation of intervention strategies. We evaluated the performance of the new VITEK 2 ESBL test system (bioMerieux, Inc, Hazelwood, Mo.) in the identification of ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae isolates. We examined a total of 1,129 clinically relevant Enterobacteriaceae isolates (including 218 that had been previously characterized). The ESBL classification furnished by the VITEK 2 ESBL test system was concordant with that of the comparison method (molecular identification of beta-lactamase genes) for 1,121 (99.3%) of the 1,129 isolates evaluated. ESBL production was correctly detected in 306 of the 312 ESBL-producing organisms (sensitivity, 98.1%; positive predictive value, 99.3%). False-positive results emerged for 2 of the 817 ESBL-negative isolates (specificity, 99.7%; negative predictive value, 99.3%). VITEK 2 ESBL testing took 6 to 13 h (median, 7.5 h; mean ± SD, 8.2 ± 2.39 h). This automated short-incubation system appears to be a rapid and reliable tool for routine identification of ESBL-producing isolates of Enterobacteriaceae.
INTRODUCTION
Extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs) are a large, rapidly evolving group of plasmid-mediated enzymes (4, 5, 17, 23, 30, 33, 45) that confer resistance to the oxyimino cephalosporins and monobactams. They are inhibited by clavulanate (CA), sulbactam, or tazobactam. Originally observed in Escherichia coli and Klebsiella spp., ESBL production has now been documented in other gram-negative bacilli, including Enterobacter spp., Proteus mirabilis, and Providencia stuartii (4, 23, 25, 30, 45).
Laboratory detection of ESBL production can be problematic (4, 23, 27, 30, 33, 45, 49, 52). The presence of these enzymes does not always elevate MICs of oxyimino cephalosporins and monobactams to levels indicative of resistance defined by the Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) (2, 10). Furthermore, because expression of resistance is affected by multiple factors, the same ESBL can produce different resistance phenotypes, depending on the bacterial carrier and test conditions (17, 23). There are also increasing reports of more-complex ESBL phenotypes that include additional mechanisms of resistance, such as AmpC-type enzyme production (both chromosomal and plasmid-mediated), TEM and SHV beta-lactamases with reduced affinities for beta-lactamase inhibitors, hyperproduction of penicillinase, and porin changes (4, 6, 8, 17, 23, 26, 32, 34, 39, 49, 52-54).
Several molecular methods are available for research and epidemiological studies, but they are not appropriate for routine detection of ESBL production in clinical settings (9, 36). Two phenotypic strategies can be used to detect ESBL expression in clinical settings. One involves analysis of MIC patterns with specific software, such as that used by the Advanced Expert System of the VITEK 2 system (bioMerieux, Inc, Hazelwood, MO). The second is the two-step approach advocated by the CLSI (10), which involves screening for reduced susceptibility to more than one of the indicator antimicrobials (cefotaxime [CTX], ceftriaxone, ceftazidime [CAZ], cefpodoxime, and aztreonam). Positive results are then confirmed by the demonstration of synergy between the ceftazidime and cefotaxime and the beta-lactamase inhibitor CA. According to CLSI guidelines (10), ESBL production is confirmed in E. coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Klebsiella oxytoca, or P. mirabilis if testing in the presence of CA decreases the ceftazidime and cefotaxime MICs by at least three twofold dilutions or increases the diameter of the inhibition zone for these drugs by at least 5 mm (compared with results obtained with the cephalosporin alone). This strategy is also the basis for the double-disk test, the three-dimensional test, the Etest ESBL test, and several other commercial systems (7, 12, 16, 18, 20-22, 28, 40, 41, 43, 46-48, 50, 51).
The VITEK 2 ESBL test (bioMerieux) is a new tool for rapid detection of ESBL production which is based on simultaneous assessment of the inhibitory effects of cefepime, cefotaxime, and ceftazidime, alone and in the presence of CA. The present study was designed to evaluate its performance in the identification of ESBL-producing isolates of Enterobacteriaceae and the advantages it can offer for routine clinical testing.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Study design. The study was conducted on a total of 1,129 bacterial isolates: E. coli (n = 534); K. pneumoniae (n = 193); Enterobacter cloacae (n = 88); P. mirabilis (n = 85); Enterobacter aerogenes (n = 56); K. oxytoca (n = 38); Citrobacter freundii (n = 36); P. stuartii (n = 43); Serratia marcescens (n = 28); Morganella morganii (n = 14); Citrobacter koseri (n = 8); and Salmonella enterica spp. (n = 6). Two hundred eighteen of the isolates had been collected and characterized as part of a previously published nationwide survey (41). The remaining 911 were consecutive nonduplicate clinically relevant isolates of Enterobacteriaceae recovered from blood cultures of hospitalized patients between January 1999 and December 2003. They had not been characterized at the time of the study.
Identical methods were used to characterize all 1,129 study isolates. ID32E galleries (bioMerieux, Marcy l'Etoile, France) and/or the VITEK 2 system (bioMerieux) were used for species-level identification. Susceptibilities to beta-lactam antibiotics were evaluated by using the Etest (Epsilometer test; AB Biodisc, Solna, Sweden), as previously described (41). E. coli ATCC 25922, E. coli ATCC 35218, K. pneumoniae ATCC 700603, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 25783 were included as quality control strains in all sessions. MICs were classified according to CLSI criteria (10).
Characterization of bacterial isolates. All isolates (except ampicillin-susceptible E. coli, P. mirabilis, and S. enterica isolates) were subjected to isoelectric focusing (IEF) analysis of beta-lactamase profiles, as described previously (41), and results were interpreted using published criteria (44, 49, http://www.lahey.org/studies/wetb.htm). The same isolates then underwent PCR amplification of blaTEM, blaSHV, blaOXA, blaCTX-M, blaOXY, blaPER, and ampC-type genes as well as sequencing of both strands of the PCR products, as previously described (1, 3, 31, 41). The molecular findings were compared with those of IEF analysis and resistance phenotypes (e.g., an ESBL phenotype or a cephalosporinase phenotype) based on susceptibility testing (described above). Any discrepancies that emerged were resolved by repeat testing with all three methods. The final result for each isolate was a molecular profile of beta-lactamase production supported by compatible findings in IEF and in vitro susceptibility analyses, and these profiles were used as the comparison method for our assessment of the performance of the VITEK 2 ESBL test.
All strains found to harbor ESBL genes were subjected to the Etest to determine the MICs for cefotaxime, ceftazidime, and cefepime, alone and with CA. Assays were performed according to the manufacturer's instructions, and E. coli ATCC 25922, E. coli ATCC 35218, and K. pneumoniae ATCC 700603 were included as quality control strains in all sessions. In addition, all ESBL-positive E. coli, K. pneumoniae, K. oxytoca, and P. mirabilis isolates were subjected to CLSI-recommended confirmatory testing, which consisted of disk diffusion testing of susceptibility to CTX (30 μg), CAZ (30 μg), CTX plus CA (10 μg), and CAZ plus CA (10 μg) (from Becton Dickinson and Oxoid, Milan, Italy). Assays were performed and interpreted according to CLSI guidelines (10), and K. pneumoniae ATCC 700603 and E. coli ATCC 25922 were used as positive and negative controls, respectively.
VITEK 2 ESBL testing. Each isolate was tested using the VITEK 2 system with the ESBL test panel contained in the NO45 card (all from bioMerieux). The panel has six wells containing cefepime at 1.0 μg/ml, cefotaxime at 0.5 μg/ml, and ceftazidime at 0.5 μg/ml, alone and in combination with CA (10, 4, and 4 μg/ml, respectively), and growth in each well is quantitatively assessed by means of an optical scanner. The proportional reduction in growth in wells containing cephalosporin plus CA compared with those containing the cephalosporin alone is considered indicative of ESBL production. Quality control strains (E. coli ATCC 25922, E. coli ATCC 35218, K. pneumoniae ATCC 700603, and P. aeruginosa ATCC 27853) were included in each run.
Verification and analysis of VITEK 2 ESBL test results. The sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values for the VITEK 2 ESBL test system were calculated against the results of the molecular comparison method described above. When discrepancies emerged, VITEK 2 ESBL testing, biochemical and molecular characterization, and Etesting were repeated. The performance of the new system was assessed for all 1,129 isolates tested and separately for each bacterial species.
RESULTS
Molecular and phenotypic testing results. Molecular testing revealed ESBL genes in 312/1,129 test isolates. Most ESBL producers (251/312; 80%) were E. coli, K. oxytoca, K. pneumoniae, and P. mirabilis, but 61 belonged to species for which there are currently no CLSI guidelines and rules for interpretation of ESBL testing results (e.g., Citrobacter spp., Enterobacter spp., M. morganii, P. stuartii, and S. marcescens) (10). A total of 361 different ESBL genes were identified in the 312 isolates (Table 1): 179 (49.6%) blaTEM genes, 131 (36.3%) blaSHV genes, and 51 (14.1%) blaCTX-M genes. Half of the ESBL-producing isolates also carried genes for at least one broad-spectrum beta-lactamase (e.g., TEM-1/2, SHV-1, SHV-11).
Approximately 40% of the 312 ESBL carriers were classified by the Etest as susceptible (defined by a MIC of 8 μg/ml) to one of the oxyimino cephalosporins (usually cefepime); 35% were susceptible to two, and 9% were susceptible to all three. Four isolates (two E. coli and two K. pneumoniae isolates) had oxyimino cephalosporin MICs of 2 μg/ml (ceftazidime MIC, 2 μg/ml; cefotaxime MIC, 1 to 2 μg/ml; cefepime MIC, 0.5 μg/ml). For all 312 ESBL producers, the MICs of ceftazidime, cefotaxime, and/or cefepime decreased by 3 twofold dilutions in the presence of CA. All E. coli, Klebsiella spp., and P. mirabilis isolates also fulfilled the CLSI criteria for confirmation of ESBL production (i.e., disk diffusion zone diameters increased by 5 mm around ceftazidime and cefotaxime disks in the presence of CA) (10).
The 817 isolates with no evidence of ESBL production in molecular testing included 212 (Enterobacter spp. and Citrobacter spp. in most cases) that were positive only for the ampC-type gene. Two of the 36 non-ESBL-producing K. oxytoca isolates displayed profiles suggestive of hyperproduction of K1 beta-lactamase, i.e., resistance/low susceptibility to cefuroxime, aztreonam, and ceftriaxone (MICs of 128, 8, and 16 μg/ml, respectively) and full susceptibility to ceftazidime and cefotaxime (MICs of 1 μg/ml). PCR analysis of these isolates yielded a 155-bp amplicon that is consistent with the OXY-2 enzyme subtype (14, 41). The other 563 isolates lacking ESBLs (E. coli, K. pneumoniae, P. mirabilis, and S. enterica spp.) included 156 ampicillin-susceptible and 407 ampicillin-resistant isolates producing broad-spectrum beta-lactamases belonging to Bush group 2b, which harbored TEM-1 (105 isolates), TEM-2 (22 isolates), and SHV-1 (280 isolates). These enzymes hydrolyze penicillin and ampicillin and to a lesser degree carbenicillin or cephalothin, but they have no significant effect on oxyimino cephalosporins or aztreonam. In fact, all but two of these isolates had Etest MICs indicative of full susceptibility to both ceftazidime and cefotaxime (MICs 1 μg/ml) (23). The remaining six ESBL-negative isolates carried SHV-10, an inhibitor-resistant beta-lactamase belonging to Bush group 2br. OXA-1 enzyme (Bush group 2d) was also detected in 11 isolates.
None of the 1,129 test isolates harbored plasmid-mediated AmpC beta-lactamases.
VITEK 2 ESBL test results. VITEK 2 ESBL testing required from 6 to 13 h (median, 7.5 h; mean ± SD, 8.2 ± 2.39 h), and the results were concordant with those of the molecular comparison method for 1,121 (99.3%) of the 1,129 isolates evaluated (Table 2).
The VITEK 2 ESBL test system correctly identified 306 of the 312 ESBL-producing organisms (sensitivity, 98.1%; positive predictive value, 99.3%). False-negative results emerged for six isolates, including two SHV-2-producing isolates of E. coli and two of K. pneumoniae, one containing SHV-2 and the other harboring SHV-5. These isolates displayed low levels of resistance to oxyimino cephalosporins (MICs from 0.5 to 2 μg/ml), but in all four cases, CA synergy (MIC reduced by 3 twofold dilutions) was clearly observed in Etest results. The remaining discrepancies involved two E. aerogenes isolates, one producing SHV-12 and the other producing CTX-M-1. These isolates had Etest MICs for the oxyimino cephalosporins plus CA that were higher (i.e., >1 μg/ml) than the drug concentrations included in the VITEK 2 ESBL test.
Two of the 817 ESBL-negative isolates were falsely flagged as ESBL producers (specificity, 99.7%; negative predictive value, 99.3%). For these isolates (both E. coli), Etest MICs of cefepime, cefotaxime, and ceftazidime were 0.25, 0.5, and 2 μg/ml, respectively, and the decreases observed in the presence of CA amounted to less than 3 twofold dilutions (MIC range, 0.12 to 0.5 μg/liter). These isolates were PCR positive for blaSHV-1 and characterized in IEF by a single beta-lactamase band with a pI of 7.6.
All isolates with false-negative or false-positive results in the VITEK 2 ESBL test were retested with all methods, but the discrepancies remained in all cases.
DISCUSSION
In our series of 1,129 Enterobacteriaceae isolates, the VITEK 2 ESBL test system displayed excellent concordance with the comparison method, which was based on molecular identification of beta-lactamase genes. For the enterobacterial species most commonly isolated in our laboratory, i.e., E. coli, K. pneumoniae, and P. mirabilis, the ESBL status was correctly identified in 99% (806 of 812) of cases. In Europe, up to 35% of ESBL-producing Klebsiella spp. are incorrectly reported to be susceptible to oxyimino cephalosporins or monobactams (2, 24), and this figure is consistent with our observation of in vitro susceptibility (Etest MICs 8 μg/ml) to two of the three oxyimino cephalosporins we tested in over one-third of our ESBL-producing isolates. Our experience with the VITEK 2 ESBL test is in agreement with those of other investigators (M. J. Ferraro, E. Smith-Moland, G. W. Procop, J. Spargo, G. Hall, M. Tuohy, D. Wilson, and K. Thomson, Abstr. 44th Annu. Intersci. Conf. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., abstr. D-302, 2004).
It has been suggested that ESBL screening sensitivity might be improved by use of a test panel that includes more than one of the five indicator antimicrobial agents (aztreonam, cefpodoxime, ceftazidime, cefotaxime, and ceftriaxone) (10, 52). The VITEK 2 ESBL test contains ceftazidime, cefotaxime, and cefepime at the low screening concentrations (i.e., 0.5 to 1 μg/ml), but it missed two SHV-2-producing E. coli isolates and two K. pneumoniae isolates (one producing SHV-2, the other harboring SHV-5) with very low-level resistance to the oxyimino cephalosporins. Similar problems have been reported by M'Zali et al. (28), who found that, in isolates with low-level resistance, ESBL production was detected by the Etest and missed by two different double-disk diffusion tests. The four strains in our study that were missed by the VITEK 2 ESBL test produced SHV-2 or SHV-5 ESBLs, and the low-level resistance phenotype we observed is somewhat atypical for strains producing these enzymes. However, similar findings have been reported by several groups (14, 29, 47). It is also important to recall that identical enzymes can convey different levels of resistance to a given antimicrobial compound depending on the bacterial host that expresses them (17, 23).
K. pneumoniae and E. coli isolates that hyperproduce SHV-1 may trigger false-positive results in ESBL confirmatory tests (15, 30, 38). Ceftazidime MICs as high as 32 μg/ml have been reported for isolates of this type (26, 38, 39). In our study, two E. coli isolates, classified as ESBL negative by the molecular comparison method, were misclassified by the VITEK 2 ESBL test. Both had cefotaxime and cefepime MICs of 0.5 μg/ml and ceftazidime MICs of 2 μg/ml, but the decreases produced by CA amounted to less than 3 twofold dilutions. Both isolates produced an SHV-1 beta-lactamase, but the possibility of involvement of porin-related mechanisms cannot be excluded since this aspect was not analyzed.
The lowest percentage of correct results for the VITEK 2 ESBL test was recorded for the ESBL-producing Enterobacter isolates. ESBL detection is even more difficult in organisms like these that display multiple resistance mechanisms (30, 42, 51-54). The inhibitor-based approach is the most reliable solution unless the isolate coproduces an inhibitor-resistant beta-lactamase, such as AmpC. High-level expression by certain strains or species (e.g., Enterobacter, Serratia, Providencia, Aeromonas spp., M. morganii, C. freundii, Hafnia alvei, and P. aeruginosa) of chromosomally encoded inducible AmpC beta-lactamase can impede recognition of ESBL production. In these cases, high-level CA-induced AmpC production enhances the isolate's resistance to other screening drugs. The result is a false-negative result in ESBL detection tests (12, 20, 22, 47, 53). This problem can be minimized by the use of inhibitors like tazobactam or sulbactam, which are much less likely to induce AmpC beta-lactamases, and/or cefepime, which is relatively unaffected by high-level AmpC expression (23, 48, 51, 52, 53). In fact, the use of a cefepime-CA ESBL test (48), cefpirome-CA combination disks (12), and a modified double-disk test (35) of susceptibility to cefepime and piperacillin-tazobactam have all been proposed for detection of ESBL production in Enterobacter spp., although none is based on CLSI guidelines (10). The VITEK 2 ESBL test, which also assesses susceptibility to cefepime and cefepime plus CA, identified 11 of the 13 (84.6%) ESBL-producing Enterobacter isolates we tested. All ESBL-producing isolates of P. stuartii, C. freundii, M. morganii, and S. marcescens were correctly identified.
Reports of plasmid-mediated AmpC enzymes (with or without ESBLs) in Klebsiella spp., E. coli, and P. mirabilis isolates are increasing in frequency (11, 34), and the main limitation of our study is that we did not test any isolates of this type. ESBL detection can also be hindered by the presence of other beta-lactamases, such as class A carbapenem hydrolyzing enzymes or metallo-beta-lactamases, and isolates producing these enzymes were also missing from our series.
Discrimination between ESBL production and hyperproduction of K1 enzyme by K. oxytoca isolates can also be difficult (21, 30, 37, 41). Cefpodoxime-plus-CA disks have proved to be particularly sensitive and specific (100% each) for detecting ESBLs in this species because cefpodoxime inhibition is not enhanced by CA (7). M'Zali et al. (28) reported that 93% of ESBL-producing K. oxytoca isolates were correctly identified with the MAST double-disk test using both ceftazidime and cefotaxime, whereas use of either of these drugs alone was considerably less sensitive (86% and 65.5%, respectively). The two K1-hyperproducing isolates we tested were correctly identified by the VITEK 2 ESBL test as ESBL negative. Both had moderately high MICs of aztreonam and ceftriaxone (8 to 16 μg/ml) and low MICs for the other three oxyimino cephalosporins tested (1 μg/ml), which is consistent with previous reports (13). Further studies are needed, however, to evaluate the true specificity of VITEK 2 ESBL testing in K. oxytoca.
Infections caused by ESBL-producing organisms have a significant impact on mortality rates and hospital costs (4, 30). Kang et al. (19) maintain that delays in starting appropriate therapy have no significant effect on the outcome of ESBL bloodstream infections if therapy is promptly adjusted in accordance with in vitro susceptibility data. Therefore, these data must be reported to the physician as soon as possible, especially in high-risk cases. Although further studies are needed to evaluate its overall performance, our experience with this large series of Enterobacteriaceae isolates indicates that the VITEK 2 ESBL test system is a reliable time-saving tool for routine identification of ESBL-producing strains. It furnished results in 6 to 13 h (median, 7.5 h), compared with at least 18 h for CLSI-approved phenotypic screening and confirmatory assays (10). The one drawback is the absence of automated results for P. mirabilis isolates, and this problem should be addressed in future versions of the system.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This work was partially supported by grants from the Italian Ministry for the University and Scientific Research (ex MURST 2005).
We thank BioMerieux for kindly supplying the gram-negative identification and susceptibility cards. We thank Marian Kent for editorial assistance.
FOOTNOTES
Corresponding author. Mailing address: Istituto Microbiologia, Universita Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo A. Gemelli 8, 00168 Roma, Italy. Phone: 39-06-30154218. Fax: 39-06-3051152. E-mail: tspanu@rm.unicatt.it.
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