02~神经系统总论、脊髓(Spinal cord).ppt
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The Nervous System
山东大学医学院解剖教研室
李振华
Divisions
* Central nervous system (CNS)
* Peripheral nervous system (PNS)
Central nervous system (CNS)
* Brain 脑
* Telencephalon 端脑
* Diencephalon 间脑
* Cerebellum 小脑
* Brain stem 脑干
* Midbrain 中脑
* Pons脑桥
* Medulla oblongata 延髓
* Spinal cord 脊髓
Peripheral nervous system (PNS)
* Cranial n. (12 pairs) 脑神经
* Spinal n. (31 pairs) 脊神经
* Visceral n. 内脏神经
* Visceral sensory n.
* Visceral motor n
* Sympathetic part 交感神经
*Parasympathetic part 副交感神经
Cellular organization
* Neurons 神经元
* Cellbody 胞体
* Axon轴突
* Dendrites 树突
*Neuroglia -glial cell胶质细胞
Structural classification
* Bipolar neuron 双极神经元
has an axon and a dendrite
* Pseudounipolar neuron 假单极神经元 has a central branch and a peripheral branch
* Multipolar neuron多极神经元has an axon and two or more dendrites
Functional classification
* Sensory (efferent) neuron 感觉神经元
* Motor (afferent) neuron 运动神经元
* Association neuron 联络神经元
Reflex and reflex arc
* Reflex: a reaction of theorganism by the nervous system in response to a stimulus
* Reflex arc: has 5 basic components
Receptor
↓
Sensory neurons
↓
CNS
↓
Moter neurons
↓
Effector
Basic terminology in nervous system
In the CNS
* Gray matter 灰质:collection of nerve cell bodies and their dendrites, gray color during fresh condition
* Cortex皮质: the outermost layer of gray matter in cerebrum and cerebellum
* White matter白质: collection of nerve fibers, white color during fresh condition
* Medulla髓质: a central core of white matter beneath cortex of cerebrum and cerebellum
* Nucleus神经核: a collection ( group ) of cell bodies which have the same shape and function
* Fasciculus 纤维束( tract ): a bundle of nerve fibers which have the same origin, termination, pathway and function
* Reticular formation网状结构: an admixture of cross-crossing fibers with larger or smaller groups of nerve cells occupying the meshes
In the PNS
* Ganglion 神经节: a collection of neuronal cell bodies outside the CNS
* Nerve 神经: a bundle of nerve fibers held together by connective tissue sheath
The Spinal Cord 脊髓
Position
* Lies in vertebral canal
* Continuous above with medulla oblongata at level of foramen magnum
* Ends below at lower border of L1 in adult; at birth at level of L3
External features
* A long cylindrical structure and slightly flattened anteroposteriorly,* Conusmedullaris (脊髓圆锥)
* Filumterminale (终丝)
* Caudaequina (马尾)
* Two enlargements
Cervical enlargement (颈膨大): corresponds to the C4 to the T1 segments
Lumbosacral enlargement (腰骶膨大): corresponds to the L2 to the S3 segments
Fissure and sulci
* Anterior median fissure 前正中裂
* Posterior median sulcus 后正中沟
* Anterolateral sulcus 前外侧沟-anterior (motor) roots emerge serially
* Posterolateral sulcus 后外侧沟-posterior (sensory) roots enter spinal cord, each bear a spinal ganglion which constitutes the first cell-station of the sensory nerves
Relationship of segments
of spinal cord to vertebrae
* A portion of the cord that gives rise to a pair of spinal nerve constitutes a segment.
* There are 31 segments
8 cervical
12 thoracic
5 lumbar
5 sacral
1 coccygeal
Relationship of segments of spinal cord to vertebrae
Internal structures
* Central canal 中央管
* Gray matter
* Anterior horn (column) 前角(柱)
* Posterior horn (column)后角(柱)
* Intermediate zone 中间带
* Lateral horn (column) 侧角(柱)
* Anterior gray commissures灰质前连合
* Posterior gray commissures 灰质后连合
* White matter
* Anterior funiculus 前索
* lateral funiculus 外侧索
* Posterior funiculus 后索
* Anterior white commisure白质前连合
Posterior horn (column):
* Marginal layer (缘层)
* Substantia gelatinosa(胶状质)
* Nucleus proprius (后角固有核)
* Nucleus thoracicus(胸核) in segments C8~L3
Intermediate zone
* Intermediaolateral nucleus(中间外侧核)(lateral horn or column): lies in segments T1~L3, containing sympathetic preganglionic neurons
* Sacral parasympathetic nucleus(骶副交感核): lies in segments S2~S4, containing parasympathetic preganglionic neurons
* Intermediomedial nucleus (中间内侧核) : for sensation of viscera
Anterior horn (column): contain motor neurons
* Three kinds of neuron
* α-motor neuron: larger multipolar neuron, innervates extrafusal fibers of skeletal m., producing contraction of m.
* γ-motor neuron: smaller neuron, innervates intrafusal fibers regulating muscular tonus
* Renshaw's cell: negative feedback mechanism
* Two groups of nuclei
* Medial nuclear group: present in most segments of spinal cord, innervating axial muscles
* Lateral nuclear group: present only in cervical and lumbosacral enlargements, innervating limb muscles
Rexed's lamina 板层
* posterior horn is formed by lamina Ⅰ to Ⅵ；
* Intermediate zone corresponding to lamina Ⅶ；
* Anterior horn is composed laminae Ⅷ and Ⅸ；
* lamina Ⅹ is the gray matter surrounding the central canal.
Important Subdivision of Spinal Cord Gray Matter
Ⅲ) White matter
White matter contains three kinds of fibers: ascending, descending, and fasciculus proprius
Ascending tracts
Ascending tracts
Descending tracts
Descending tracts
Main functions of spinal cord
*Conduction of excitations
*Reflex activity
The Nervous System
山东大学医学院解剖教研室
李振华
Divisions
* Central nervous system (CNS)
* Peripheral nervous system (PNS)
Central nervous system (CNS)
* Brain 脑
* Telencephalon 端脑
* Diencephalon 间脑
* Cerebellum 小脑
* Brain stem 脑干
* Midbrain 中脑
* Pons脑桥
* Medulla oblongata 延髓
* Spinal cord 脊髓
Peripheral nervous system (PNS)
* Cranial n. (12 pairs) 脑神经
* Spinal n. (31 pairs) 脊神经
* Visceral n. 内脏神经
* Visceral sensory n.
* Visceral motor n
* Sympathetic part 交感神经
*Parasympathetic part 副交感神经
Cellular organization
* Neurons 神经元
* Cellbody 胞体
* Axon轴突
* Dendrites 树突
*Neuroglia -glial cell胶质细胞
Structural classification
* Bipolar neuron 双极神经元
has an axon and a dendrite
* Pseudounipolar neuron 假单极神经元 has a central branch and a peripheral branch
* Multipolar neuron多极神经元has an axon and two or more dendrites
Functional classification
* Sensory (efferent) neuron 感觉神经元
* Motor (afferent) neuron 运动神经元
* Association neuron 联络神经元
Reflex and reflex arc
* Reflex: a reaction of theorganism by the nervous system in response to a stimulus
* Reflex arc: has 5 basic components
Receptor
↓
Sensory neurons
↓
CNS
↓
Moter neurons
↓
Effector
Basic terminology in nervous system
In the CNS
* Gray matter 灰质:collection of nerve cell bodies and their dendrites, gray color during fresh condition
* Cortex皮质: the outermost layer of gray matter in cerebrum and cerebellum
* White matter白质: collection of nerve fibers, white color during fresh condition
* Medulla髓质: a central core of white matter beneath cortex of cerebrum and cerebellum
* Nucleus神经核: a collection ( group ) of cell bodies which have the same shape and function
* Fasciculus 纤维束( tract ): a bundle of nerve fibers which have the same origin, termination, pathway and function
* Reticular formation网状结构: an admixture of cross-crossing fibers with larger or smaller groups of nerve cells occupying the meshes
In the PNS
* Ganglion 神经节: a collection of neuronal cell bodies outside the CNS
* Nerve 神经: a bundle of nerve fibers held together by connective tissue sheath
The Spinal Cord 脊髓
Position
* Lies in vertebral canal
* Continuous above with medulla oblongata at level of foramen magnum
* Ends below at lower border of L1 in adult; at birth at level of L3
External features
* A long cylindrical structure and slightly flattened anteroposteriorly,* Conusmedullaris (脊髓圆锥)
* Filumterminale (终丝)
* Caudaequina (马尾)
* Two enlargements
Cervical enlargement (颈膨大): corresponds to the C4 to the T1 segments
Lumbosacral enlargement (腰骶膨大): corresponds to the L2 to the S3 segments
Fissure and sulci
* Anterior median fissure 前正中裂
* Posterior median sulcus 后正中沟
* Anterolateral sulcus 前外侧沟-anterior (motor) roots emerge serially
* Posterolateral sulcus 后外侧沟-posterior (sensory) roots enter spinal cord, each bear a spinal ganglion which constitutes the first cell-station of the sensory nerves
Relationship of segments
of spinal cord to vertebrae
* A portion of the cord that gives rise to a pair of spinal nerve constitutes a segment.
* There are 31 segments
8 cervical
12 thoracic
5 lumbar
5 sacral
1 coccygeal
Relationship of segments of spinal cord to vertebrae
Internal structures
* Central canal 中央管
* Gray matter
* Anterior horn (column) 前角(柱)
* Posterior horn (column)后角(柱)
* Intermediate zone 中间带
* Lateral horn (column) 侧角(柱)
* Anterior gray commissures灰质前连合
* Posterior gray commissures 灰质后连合
* White matter
* Anterior funiculus 前索
* lateral funiculus 外侧索
* Posterior funiculus 后索
* Anterior white commisure白质前连合
Posterior horn (column):
* Marginal layer (缘层)
* Substantia gelatinosa(胶状质)
* Nucleus proprius (后角固有核)
* Nucleus thoracicus(胸核) in segments C8~L3
Intermediate zone
* Intermediaolateral nucleus(中间外侧核)(lateral horn or column): lies in segments T1~L3, containing sympathetic preganglionic neurons
* Sacral parasympathetic nucleus(骶副交感核): lies in segments S2~S4, containing parasympathetic preganglionic neurons
* Intermediomedial nucleus (中间内侧核) : for sensation of viscera
Anterior horn (column): contain motor neurons
* Three kinds of neuron
* α-motor neuron: larger multipolar neuron, innervates extrafusal fibers of skeletal m., producing contraction of m.
* γ-motor neuron: smaller neuron, innervates intrafusal fibers regulating muscular tonus
* Renshaw's cell: negative feedback mechanism
* Two groups of nuclei
* Medial nuclear group: present in most segments of spinal cord, innervating axial muscles
* Lateral nuclear group: present only in cervical and lumbosacral enlargements, innervating limb muscles
Rexed's lamina 板层
* posterior horn is formed by lamina Ⅰ to Ⅵ；
* Intermediate zone corresponding to lamina Ⅶ；
* Anterior horn is composed laminae Ⅷ and Ⅸ；
* lamina Ⅹ is the gray matter surrounding the central canal.
Important Subdivision of Spinal Cord Gray Matter
Ⅲ) White matter
White matter contains three kinds of fibers: ascending, descending, and fasciculus proprius
Ascending tracts
Ascending tracts
Descending tracts
Descending tracts
Main functions of spinal cord
*Conduction of excitations
*Reflex activity
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