18-社会心理学.ppt
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Myers' PSYCHOLOGY
Chapter 18
Social Psychology
Social Thinking
* Social Psychology
* scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another
* Attribution Theory
* tendency to give a causal explanation for someone's behavior, often by crediting either the situation or the person's disposition
Social Thinking
* Fundamental Attribution Error
* tendency for observers, when analyzing another's behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition
* Attitude
* belief and feeling that predisposes one to respond in a particular way to objects, people and events
Social Thinking
* How we explain someone's behavior affects how we react to it
Social Thinking
* Our behavior is affected by our inner attitudes as well as by external social influences
Social Thinking
* Attitudes follow behavior
* Cooperative actions feed mutual liking
Social Thinking
* Foot-in-the-Door Phenomenon
* tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request
* Role
* set of expectations about a social position
* defines how those in the position ought to behave
Social Thinking
* Cognitive Dissonance Theory
* we act to reduce the discomfort (dissonance) we feel when two of our thoughts (cognitions) are inconsistent
* example- when we become aware that our attitudes and our actions clash, we can reduce the resulting dissonance by changing our attitudes
Social Thinking
* Cognitive dissonance
Social Influence
* Conformity
* adjusting one's behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard
* Normative Social Influence
* influence resulting from a person's desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval
Social Influence
* The chameleon effect
Social Influence
* Asch's conformity experiments
Social Influence
* Informational Social Influence
* influence resulting from one's willingness to accept others' opinions about reality
Social Influence
* Participantsjudged which person in Slide 2 was the same as the person in Slide 1
Social Influence
* Milgram's follow-up obedience experiment
Social Influence
* Some individual resist social coercion
Social Influence
* Social Facilitation
* improved performance of tasks in the presence of others
* occurs with simple or well-learned tasks but not with tasks that are difficult or not yet mastered
* Social Loafing
* tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable
Social Facilitation
Social Influence
* Deindividuation
* loss of self-awareness and self-restraint in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity
Social Influence
* Group Polarization
* enhancement of a group's prevailing attitudes through discussion within the group
* Groupthink
* mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides realistic appraisal of alternatives
Social Influence
* If a group is like-minded, discussion strengthens its prevailing opinions
Social Relations
* Prejudice
* an unjustifiable (and usually negative) attitude toward a group and its members
* involves stereotyped beliefs, negative feelings, and a predisposition to discriminatory action
* Stereotype
* a generalized (sometimes accurate, but often overgeneralized) belief about a group of people
Social Relations
* Does perception change with race?
Social Relations
* Americans today express much less racial and gender prejudice
Social Relations
* Ingroup
* "Us"-people with whom one shares a common identity
* Outgroup
* "Them"- those perceived as different or apart from one's ingroup
Social Relations
* Ingroup Bias
* tendency to favor one's own group
* Scapegoat Theory
* theory that prejudice provides an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame
* Just-World Phenomenon
* tendency of people to believe the world is just
* people get what they deserve and deserve what they get
Social Relations
* Vivid cases (9/11 terrorists) feed stereotypes
Social Relations
* Aggression
* any physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt or destroy
* Frustration-Aggression Principle
* principle that frustration - the blocking of an attempt to achieve some goal - creates anger, which can generate aggression
Social Relations
Social Relations
* Men who sexually coerce women
Social Relations
* Conflict
* perceived incompatibility of actions, goals, or ideas
* Social Trap
* a situation in which the conflicting parties, by each rationally pursuing their self-interest, become caught in mutually destructive behavior
Social Relations
* Social trap
* by pursuing our self-interest and not trusting others, we can end up losers
Social Relations-Attractiveness
* Mere Exposure Effect
* repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking of them
* Conceptions of attractiveness vary by culture
Social Relations
* Passionate Love
* an aroused state of intense positive absorption in another
* usually present at the beginning of a love relationship
* Companionate Love
* deep affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined
Social Relations
* Equity
* a condition in which people receive from a relationship in proportion to what they give to it
* Self-Disclosure
* revealing intimate aspects of oneself to others
* Altruism
* unselfish regard for the welfare of others
Social Relations
* Bystander Effect
* tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present
Social Relations
* The decision-making process for bystander intervention
Social Relations
* Social Exchange Theory
* the theory that our social behavior is an exchange process, the aim of which is to maximize benefits and minimize costs
* Superordinate Goals
* shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation
Social Relations
* Graduated and Reciprocated Initiatives in Tension-reduction (GRIT)
* a strategy designed to decrease international tensions
* one side announces recognition of mutual interests and initiates a small conciliatory act
* opens door for reciprocation by other party
Myers' PSYCHOLOGY
Chapter 18
Social Psychology
Social Thinking
* Social Psychology
* scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another
* Attribution Theory
* tendency to give a causal explanation for someone's behavior, often by crediting either the situation or the person's disposition
Social Thinking
* Fundamental Attribution Error
* tendency for observers, when analyzing another's behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition
* Attitude
* belief and feeling that predisposes one to respond in a particular way to objects, people and events
Social Thinking
* How we explain someone's behavior affects how we react to it
Social Thinking
* Our behavior is affected by our inner attitudes as well as by external social influences
Social Thinking
* Attitudes follow behavior
* Cooperative actions feed mutual liking
Social Thinking
* Foot-in-the-Door Phenomenon
* tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request
* Role
* set of expectations about a social position
* defines how those in the position ought to behave
Social Thinking
* Cognitive Dissonance Theory
* we act to reduce the discomfort (dissonance) we feel when two of our thoughts (cognitions) are inconsistent
* example- when we become aware that our attitudes and our actions clash, we can reduce the resulting dissonance by changing our attitudes
Social Thinking
* Cognitive dissonance
Social Influence
* Conformity
* adjusting one's behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard
* Normative Social Influence
* influence resulting from a person's desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval
Social Influence
* The chameleon effect
Social Influence
* Asch's conformity experiments
Social Influence
* Informational Social Influence
* influence resulting from one's willingness to accept others' opinions about reality
Social Influence
* Participantsjudged which person in Slide 2 was the same as the person in Slide 1
Social Influence
* Milgram's follow-up obedience experiment
Social Influence
* Some individual resist social coercion
Social Influence
* Social Facilitation
* improved performance of tasks in the presence of others
* occurs with simple or well-learned tasks but not with tasks that are difficult or not yet mastered
* Social Loafing
* tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable
Social Facilitation
Social Influence
* Deindividuation
* loss of self-awareness and self-restraint in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity
Social Influence
* Group Polarization
* enhancement of a group's prevailing attitudes through discussion within the group
* Groupthink
* mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides realistic appraisal of alternatives
Social Influence
* If a group is like-minded, discussion strengthens its prevailing opinions
Social Relations
* Prejudice
* an unjustifiable (and usually negative) attitude toward a group and its members
* involves stereotyped beliefs, negative feelings, and a predisposition to discriminatory action
* Stereotype
* a generalized (sometimes accurate, but often overgeneralized) belief about a group of people
Social Relations
* Does perception change with race?
Social Relations
* Americans today express much less racial and gender prejudice
Social Relations
* Ingroup
* "Us"-people with whom one shares a common identity
* Outgroup
* "Them"- those perceived as different or apart from one's ingroup
Social Relations
* Ingroup Bias
* tendency to favor one's own group
* Scapegoat Theory
* theory that prejudice provides an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame
* Just-World Phenomenon
* tendency of people to believe the world is just
* people get what they deserve and deserve what they get
Social Relations
* Vivid cases (9/11 terrorists) feed stereotypes
Social Relations
* Aggression
* any physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt or destroy
* Frustration-Aggression Principle
* principle that frustration - the blocking of an attempt to achieve some goal - creates anger, which can generate aggression
Social Relations
Social Relations
* Men who sexually coerce women
Social Relations
* Conflict
* perceived incompatibility of actions, goals, or ideas
* Social Trap
* a situation in which the conflicting parties, by each rationally pursuing their self-interest, become caught in mutually destructive behavior
Social Relations
* Social trap
* by pursuing our self-interest and not trusting others, we can end up losers
Social Relations-Attractiveness
* Mere Exposure Effect
* repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking of them
* Conceptions of attractiveness vary by culture
Social Relations
* Passionate Love
* an aroused state of intense positive absorption in another
* usually present at the beginning of a love relationship
* Companionate Love
* deep affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined
Social Relations
* Equity
* a condition in which people receive from a relationship in proportion to what they give to it
* Self-Disclosure
* revealing intimate aspects of oneself to others
* Altruism
* unselfish regard for the welfare of others
Social Relations
* Bystander Effect
* tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present
Social Relations
* The decision-making process for bystander intervention
Social Relations
* Social Exchange Theory
* the theory that our social behavior is an exchange process, the aim of which is to maximize benefits and minimize costs
* Superordinate Goals
* shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation
Social Relations
* Graduated and Reciprocated Initiatives in Tension-reduction (GRIT)
* a strategy designed to decrease international tensions
* one side announces recognition of mutual interests and initiates a small conciliatory act
* opens door for reciprocation by other party
附件资料：
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